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Biomarkers of Animal Health: Integrating Nutritional Ecology, Endocrine Ecophysiology, Ecoimmunology, and Geospatial Ecology

机译:动物健康的生物标志物:整合营养生态学,内分泌生态生理学,生态免疫学和地理空间生态学

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摘要

Diverse biomarkers including stable isotope, hormonal, and ecoimmunological assays are powerful tools to assess animal condition. However, an integrative approach is necessary to provide the context essential to understanding how biomarkers reveal animal health in varied ecological conditions. A barrier to such integration is a general lack of awareness of how shared extraction methods from across fields can provide material from the same animal tissues for diverse biomarker assays. In addition, the use of shared methods for extracting differing tissue fractions can also provide biomarkers for how animal health varies across time. Specifically, no study has explicitly illustrated the depth and breadth of spacial and temporal information that can be derived from coupled biomarker assessments on two easily collected tissues: blood and feathers or hair. This study used integrated measures of glucocorticoids, stable isotopes, and parasite loads in the feathers and blood of fall-migrating Northern saw-whet owls (Aegolius acadicus) to illustrate the wealth of knowledge about animal health and ecology across both time and space. In feathers, we assayed deuterium (δD) isotope and corticosterone (CORT) profiles, while in blood we measured CORT and blood parasite levels. We found that while earlier migrating owls had elevated CORT levels relative to later migrating birds, there was also a disassociation between plasma and feather CORT, and blood parasite loads. These results demonstrate how these tissues integrate time periods from weeks to seasons and reflect energetic demands during differing life stages. Taken together, these findings illustrate the potential for integrating diverse biomarkers to assess interactions between environmental factors and animal health across varied time periods without the necessity of continually recapturing and tracking individuals. Combining biomarkers from diverse research fields into an integrated framework hold great promise for advancing our understanding of environmental effects on animal health.
机译:多种多样的生物标记物,包括稳定同位素,激素和生态免疫测定法,是评估动物状况的强大工具。但是,有必要采用一种综合方法来提供必要的背景信息,以理解生物标志物如何在各种生态条件下揭示动物健康。这种整合的障碍是普遍缺乏对跨领域共享提取方法如何为多种生物标志物测定提供相同动物组织物质的认识。此外,使用共享的方法提取不同的组织部分也可以提供动物健康状况随时间变化的生物标记。具体而言,尚无任何研究明确说明可从对两个容易收集的组织(血液,羽毛或头发)进行生物标记评估得出的空间和时间信息的深度和广度。这项研究采用了整合的糖皮质激素,稳定同位素以及秋季迁徙的北方锯齿(Aegolius acadicus)的羽毛和血液中的寄生虫负荷的综合措施,来说明在时空上有关动物健康和生态学的丰富知识。在羽毛中,我们分析了氘(δD)同位素和皮质酮(CORT)谱,而在血液中,我们测量了CORT和血液寄生虫水平。我们发现,虽然较早迁徙的猫头鹰相对于较晚迁徙的鸟类具有较高的CORT水平,但血浆和羽毛CORT与血液中的寄生虫负荷之间也没有关联。这些结果证明了这些组织如何整合数周到数个季节的时间,并反映出不同生命阶段的能量需求。综上所述,这些发现说明了整合各种生物标记物以评估环境因子与动物健康在不同时间段之间的相互作用的潜力,而无需不断地重新捕获和追踪个体。将来自不同研究领域的生物标志物整合到一个集成的框架中,对于增进我们对环境对动物健康的影响的理解有着巨大的希望。

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