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本刊办刊宗旨是：介绍自然科学领域各学科和工程技术方面的最新成就和发展，传播自然科学知识，支持有创见的新思想与新学说，开展学术交流与争鸣，以帮助读者拓宽知识面，提高科学素养。读者对象是：广大科技工作者、大专院校师生、中学教师及自然科学爱好者。
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自然杂志 >2023年第5期

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  • 摘要：Fuel cells as a type of the electricity-generation devices that can directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy have emerged out in many application areas due to their advantages such as high efficiency,low pollution,low noise and so on.It was ranked to be one of the cutting edge technologies in twenty-first century by Time Magazine.In this paper,the related concepts and characteristics of fuel cells are over-reviewed in terms of science and technology.The history of fuel cells is recalled,and the latest development of fuel cells in both military and civilian applications are summarized.Finally,the challenges of fuel cells faced currently as well as the application prospectives are also discussed.%燃料电池作为一种将化学能直接转换为电能的发电装置,凭借其发电效率高、污染小、噪音低等诸多优点在各个领域中脱颖而出,被《美国时代周刊》誉为“21世纪的高科技之首”.本文阐述了燃料电池的相关概念及特点,讲述了燃料电池的发展历程,并从民用和军用两大方面介绍了燃料电池的最新进展,最后探讨了燃料电池发展面临的问题并对它的未来进行了展望.
  • 摘要：锂离子电池具有比能量高、无记忆效应、工作电压高以及安全、长寿命的特点.本文回顾了锂离子电池的发展历史,分析了锂离子电池的工作原理,总结了锂离子电池的特点,综述了目前锂离子电池常用的正、负极电极材料和电解质,最后分析了锂离子电池目前存在的问题并对其未来的发展进行了展望.%Lithium-ion battery (LIB) has the advantages of high capacity,no memory effect,high working voltage,and long life.This paper reviews LIB's development history,working principle,characteristics and components.The current technical challenges of LIB are analyzed,and the future development and perspectives pf LIB are also discussed.
  • 摘要：光电催化还原二氧化碳(CO2)利用光能和电能可以将二氧化碳转化为液体燃料或其他有机化合物,还原过程结合了光催化还原和电化学还原的优点,具有巨大的应用潜力.通过简要介绍并比较光催化转化、电催化还原和光电协同催化还原CO2的原理和特点,得出光电催化还原CO2具备诸多优点,并对光电催化还原CO2的影响因素进行了分析,最后对其未来的研究方向进行了展望.%Photoelectrocatalysis of carbon dioxide utilizes solar power and electrical power as energy sources to convert carbon dioxide (COO into liquid fuels or other organic compounds.This process combines photocatalytic reduction and electrochemical reduction,and possesses great potential for future applications.In this paper,fundamental mechanisms and characteristics of photocatalysis,electrochemical reduction and photoelectrocatalysis are briefly introduced.The advantages of photoelectrocatalysis are emphasized,and the factors affecting CO2 photoelectrocatalysis are also analyzed.Future research directions on CO2 photoelectrocatalysis are then proposed.
  • 摘要：铅酸蓄电池(简称铅酸电池)从问世至今已有150多年的历史,因其价格低廉、技术成熟、性能可靠等优势,已成为目前化学电源中产量最大、应用最广的二次电池,长期以来被广泛应用于社会生产和生活的多种场合.本文介绍了铅酸电池的工作原理、发展历史、技术演化、结构组成和应用现状.在此基础上,展望了铅酸电池的未来发展方向和应用前景.%Invented more than 150 years ago,lead-acid battery has been the dominant portion in the second battery market with the widest applications in industry and daily life due to its unique advantages,such as low cost,mature technology,reliable performance and sound safety.In this paper,the principle,the history,the invention processes,the components,and the applications of lead-acid battery are reviewed.Finally,the future development directions and application prospective of lead-acid batteries are discussed.
  • 摘要：欧洲核子研究中心2017年7月6日宣布,经多国科学家共同努力,在世界上首次发现了一种被称为双粲重子的新粒子,这将有助于人类深入理解物质的构成和强相互作用的本质。中国团队对这一发现功不可没。
  • 摘要：王莲是世界著名的热带水生观赏植物,有“水生花王”之称,深受人们的喜爱.在相关文献记载中,其发现人和植物学命名人说法各异,拉丁名混乱不一,影响对王莲的进一步研究.通过查阅原始资料,考证了王莲属分类学地位的确立及物种命名的历史,探究了种名出现错误的原因.结果表明,王莲的属名是以维多利亚女王的名字Victoria来命名的,由JohnLindley先生在1837年确立,该属有两个种,亚马逊王莲和克鲁兹王莲.亚马逊王莲的发现与命名一直颇受争议,目前,被广泛接受的种名是Victoria amazonica(Poepp.)J.C.Sowerby,该学名由皇家植物学会的秘书长James De Carle Sowerby先生于1850年确定;克鲁兹王莲的种名是Victoria cruzianaA.D'Orbigny,由Alcide D'Orbigny先生1840年命名.%Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) spp.,known as "The Queen of flowers in water",are famous aquatic ornamental plants.In the existing literature,their discoverer,namer and scientific names are ambiguous and vague.In this paper,its establishing and naming history of taxonomic status is verified,and the origin of different names are explored.The results show that Victoria is named after Queen Victoria,by John Lindley in 1837.There are two species in this genus,V.amazonica and V.cruziana.The discovery and naming of V.amazonica has been controversial.At present,V.amazonica (Poepp.) J.C.Sowerby is widely accepted,which was established by James De Carle Sowerby in 1850.Another specie was named by Alcide D'Orbigny in 1840.
  • 摘要：银河系充满了像地球一样的世界。这是开普勒空间望远镜给我们上的一课——作为美国宇航局（NASA）大型太阳系外行星搜寻项目,该望远镜又发现了219颗新的候选系外行星,使其总数达到4 034颗,其中2 335颗已被确认为真正的行星。这是该空间望远镜4年主要搜索工作的一项最终分析结果,并于2017年6月19日发布在一份最终目录中。
  • 摘要：Research on feeding occupied a central positon in the history of primate studies.The nutrients required by primates are divided into broad classes:carbohydrates,protein,lipids,vitamins,minerals and water.The first three are commonly referred to macronutrients that required in large quantities for the energy for growth and maintenance,while minerals and vitamins named micronutrients are not used for energy per se but are instead vitally important for innumerable physiological processes.With very exceptions,primates derive a majority of their energetic and nutritional requirements from plants.%在灵长动物的研究史中,取食行为的研究始终占有中心的位置.灵长动物所需要的营养物质包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质和水等几大类.前三类通常被称为大营养物(macronutrient),动物的生长和发育对其需求比较大,而矿物质和维生素通常被称为微量营养物(micronutrient),其本身不用于产生能量,却参与不计其数的生理过程.除了少数例外,灵长动物的能量和营养需求大部分来自于植物.
  • 摘要：2016年8月16日,中国发射了世界上第一颗量子科学实验卫星“墨子号”,引爆了公众对量子科学的兴趣。许多人都知道了,中国的量子通信走在世界最前列——尽管对于量子通信究竟是什么,大多数人还是一知半解。
  • 摘要：金属玻璃因其简单的金属键结合及原子密堆积结构而成为研究非晶物理的理想材料模型.解开玻璃形成液体的微观结构可以探寻玻璃形成能力的秘诀.许多非晶合金体系在玻璃转变点以上、结晶温度以下表现出异常放热现象,暗示在超过冷液相区间隐藏着非晶相变,这一现象的微观结构本质困扰了学界逾四十年.近来,中子和同步辐射散射等大科学装置的发展为揭示隐藏非晶相变的机制提供了原位、无损以及从原子到纳米级别的多尺度“探针”.最新研究发现Pd-Ni-P这一典型的具有异常放热现象的原型非晶合金在临界转变温度处发生了重入超过冷液体转变,其内在微观机制为中程有序结构的演变所导致的液-液相变.同时通过恰当的热处理,人们可以方便地调控这一类非晶合金的微观结构.经过统计几种具有异常放热现象的典型金属玻璃体系的热物理参数,发现异常放热峰可能与玻璃形成能力有一定的关联.金属玻璃中的异常放热现象及其隐藏的非晶相变为开发新型非晶合金体系并改进合金的性能提供了新的思路.%Metallic glasses (MGs) provide ideal model systems for investigating amorphous physics including the secrets of glassforming ability (GFA).Many MGs were reported to exhibit an anomalous exothermal peak (AEP) in the supercooled liquid region,indicating the occurrence of a hidden poly-amorphous phase transition.The structure origin of the AEP has puzzled the metallic glass community over four decades.Recently,the development of cutting-edge scattering facilities in the world such as neutron and synchrotron sources provide opportunities to reveal the origin of the AEP using a suite of bulk,in-situ,non-destructive structure probes covering multiple time and length scales.The latest results were found that Pd-Ni-P MGs,a prototypical glass with an AEP,underwent a reentrant supercooled liquid transition at a critical temperature.The origin was determined to be a liquid-liquid phase transition mediated by structure evolution at a medium-range length scale.We demonstrated that proper heat treatments could manipulate the microstructure of the MGs of an AEE We also summarized the thermophysical parameters of several typical MGs with an AEP.It was suggested that the AEP might correlate with the GFA,which sheds light on exploring new amorphous alloys.
  • 摘要：银河系位于一个较小的星系团——-本星系群——之内.在本星系群中,银河系和仙女星系可算是两个质量最大的成员星系.长期以来,人们普遍认为仙女星系是本星系群中的“老大”,银河系只是“老二”,科普文章、甚至基础性专业教科书中都会这么说.然而,实际情况远不是那么简单.%Which is the most massive member in the Local Group,the Milky Way galaxy or Andromeda galaxy? The dynamical mass of the Milky Way galaxy or Andromeda galaxy can be estimated in different ways.Up to now,however,the unanimity has not yet been reached for the above problem.
  • 摘要：备受关注的韩春雨基因编辑论文争议事件近日有了结果,韩春雨团队在《自然·生物技术》网站上发表撤稿声明。“施普林格·自然集团”大中华区总裁安诺杰表示：“此次撤稿展现并证明了科研群体对于维护科学发现过程基本规律的承诺。”确实,这次撤稿首先证明了科学界的“自净”机制,也说明了媒体舆论监督的价值,以及学术研究的复杂性。
  • 摘要：由于近年来人们对于能源和环境问题的重视,有机无机杂化钙钛矿受到了越来越多的关注.钙钛矿作为一种兼具了有机组分和无机组分优点的材料,在光伏发电、发光、铁电、光探测器等领域有着很好的应用前景.钙钛矿作为光伏材料具有晶形规整、吸收光范围广、吸光量大、光致发光寿命长、荧光强度高等多种优越的性能,可有效降低太阳能电池产业的生产成本,减少电池制备过程的能耗并缓解环境污染,提高电池的光电转化效率;而将其用作光致发光材料可得到光强更强、光子寿命更长的荧光.本文主要介绍了近年来被用于制作太阳能电池的多种钙钛矿材料与器件,并对钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展趋势进行了探讨.%Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite has attracted intense attentions due to its superior properties such as easy processibility,wide optical absorption,long life photoluminescence and high fluorescence intensity.Perovskites combine the merits of both organic and inorganic parts,showing promising potential in photovohaic,lighting,ferroelectric and photodetector fields.This paper mainly introduces the various kinds of pervoskite materials and devices which have been used to make solar cells in recent years.The research trends of the perovskite solar cells are also briefly discussed.
  • 摘要：Just 39 lightyears from the sun,7 earth-sized planets are orbiting a star whose mass is only about eight percent of that of the Sun.The orbits of these planets are only about as large as those of Jupiter's Galilean moons,and the periods of orbiting around the star are only one and a half days to about twelve days.They are likely to be rocky planets,which may have liquid waters and atmospheres and have habitable conditions in at least some areas on their surfaces.More such planets are being found,which will be the preferred targets of scientific observations after the operation of the James Webb Space Telescope that will be launched.At that time,it is possible to draw the conclusions on whether these planets have atmospheres and what compositions the atmospheres made up of if they do exist.It is quite possible that we can find out life signatures on one or a few extrasolar planets.%距太阳仅39光年外有7颗类似地球大小的行星,它们正围绕一颗质量只有太阳质量8％的恒星运转.这些行星的轨道和木星的4颗伽利略卫星的轨道差不多大,围绕恒星转动的周期只有一天半到十二多天.它们都很可能是石质行星,有可能存在液态水和大气,其表面至少有部分区域具有宜居条件.更多这样的行星正在被发现,它们和上述行星在韦布太空望远镜发射并投入科学观测运行后,将成为其优先观测目标.那时,就可以对这些行星是否存在大气以及如果的确存在大气的话对其大气成分得出结论,极有可能因此发现在某一颗或者几颗太阳系外的行星上确实有生物存在的迹象.
  • 摘要：介绍了物理学家兼诗人黄克孙先生的著作和经历,特别考察了他与杨振宁先生的特殊友情以及在玻色气方面的合作研究详情.%After reviewing the works and experiences of the physicist and poet Kerson Huang,the author studies in details his special friendship with Chen Ning Yang,and their collaborative research on the Bose gas problem.
  • 摘要：Why is liver cell still liver cell,and lung cell still lung cell after mitosis? How does daughter cell reestablish the mother's transcription pattem? Who could work as bookmarkers for reading the book of genetic information? Recent studies have challenged the previous conclusion that transcription factors are dissolved from mitotic chromatin,and emerging evidences have shown that specific chromatins regions are still accessible for transcription factors during mitosis,thus indicating that transcription factors could function as gene bookmarkers.In this brief review,I introduced the definition of gene bookmarking—the novel aspect of epigenetics,then gave several cases of transcription-factor-mediated gene bookmarking,as well as the systematical researches on it,hoping to provide a comprehensive interpretation of gene bookmarking for those who are working on or interested in it.%为什么肝细胞复制后依然还是肝细胞,肺细胞复制后还是肺细胞？子细胞如何在有丝分裂结束后重建母细胞的转录模式？谁来充当阅读遗传信息之书的书签？近些年研究发现,此前人们深信不疑的转录因子在有丝分裂过程中从染色质上剥离的结论并不准确,越来越多的研究表明,有丝分裂过程中部分染色质处于开放状态,转录因子并不从染色质中剥离,提示转录因子可作为基因书签.本文介绍了基因书签这一表观遗传学新内容的定义,给出了几个转录因子作为基因书签的具体案例,并介绍了系统地揭示转录因子作为基因书签的最近研究进展,希望能为从事表观遗传学研究或对表观遗传学感兴趣的同仁提供全面且通俗的解读.
  • 摘要：Some continental margins can be regarded as ideal archives for the studies of Earth's environmental changes and land-sea interactions because they well preserve the continuous sedimentary strata.Rivers as the link between land and sea,play a key role in transferring the environmental evolution information from land (source) to sea (sink) in the continental margins.Due to the complex buffering zones and transfer processes in the sediment routing systems,the ultimate fluxes and compositions of fluvial sediments into the sea and ocean may differ significantly from those derived from the provenances.In addition,different rivers bear much variable ways of environmental signal propagation,which deserves more research attentions.East Asian continental margin is characterized by river-dominated shallow shelf seas,with receiving huge sediment inputs from the large rivers such as the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Huanghe (Yellow) Rivers and from those small mountainous rivers in Taiwan.Thus,the East Asian continental margin is regarded as one of the ideal natural laboratories for the investigations of river source-to-sink processes and land-sea interactions on multiple temporal and spatial scales.For the better understanding of sediment provenances,origins and paleoenvironmental changes recorded in continental margins,we should adopt the research concepts of "source-to-sink" and earth system science,and better reveal the temporal and spatial variations of provenance compositions,and the environmental signal propagations from land to sea.%世界一些大陆边缘沉积记录连续性好,堪称记录地球环境变迁和陆海相互作用历史的档案馆.河流系统作为联系陆与海的枢纽,是大陆边缘从源到汇系统中传递地球环境演变信息的关键.由于河流从源到汇系统中存在复杂的“缓冲区”和“中间过程”,最终入海河流沉积物的真实通量、组成与原始的源区特征存在显著差异,不同的河流系统具有截然不同的环境信息传递模式,需要慎重解读.东亚大陆边缘作为典型的“河控型”宽陆架边缘海,接收世界大河长江/黄河和台湾山溪性小河的巨量入海物质,是全球开展河流源汇过程和多时空尺度陆海相互作用研究的理想地区.要深入理解边缘海典型沉积体系的物源、成因和蕴含的古环境信息,需要以“从源到汇”和地球系统科学的思路,深化对“源”区组成时空变化的研究,更要加强研究源区信号从陆向海的传递并最终在边缘海保存的过程.
  • 摘要：This article discusses the biological innovative evolutions,explains what an innovative evolution is and follows what regular patterns.The innovative evolutions of human being are focused.Early human being's innovative evolution mainly reflected in these facts:erect walking liberated hands;artificial fire is initiatively obtaining energy and actively began to use energy;cooking food is fully obtaining nutrition that made the perfect of brain functions;abstract thinking is deducing interpreting substances and reforming these substances.This is the fundamental difference between human being and other animals.Obtaining energy initiatively and producing food actively are impossible for any animals to do.%讨论了生物的创新进化,介绍了创新进化的概念及其遵循的规律,着重分析人类进化中创新进化的表现.早期人类创新进化的主要体现:直立行走解放了手;人工生火、用火是主动取得能源和主动使用能源的开始;熟食取得充分的营养,使脑功台能完善;抽象思维的发展是物质的演绎,同时又回过头来改造物质,这是其他动物做不到的,是人类区别于其他动物的根本;主动取得能源,主动生产食物,这种劳动是任何动物不可能做到的.
  • 摘要：过去几十年里,从原子尺度理解块体金属玻璃形成过冷液相特性与微结构的关系吸引了材料学家和凝聚态物理学家极大的关注,是此类先进工程金属材料得到实际开发应用的关键之所在.本文综述了前期有关块体金属玻璃有序原子团簇结构随热处理或微量元素添加,演化及其对过冷液相热稳定性、晶化行为和玻璃形成能力影响的研究成果;并聚焦在块体金属玻璃过冷液相中的两类不同原子团簇,即类二十面体原子团簇和类晶体原子团簇.这两类原子团簇的共同存在是块体金属玻璃高热稳定性和纳米晶化的重要因素.通过微合金可以调控过冷金属液相中原子团簇的结构和体积分数,从而进一步推进它们的实际工程或功能性运用.%Over past decades,large efforts have been devoted to understand the properties of bulk metallic glass (BMG) forming supercooled metallic liquids at atomic level,which is of technological and fundamental importance for the development of advanced engineering metallic material.In this paper,we summarize the previous studies on the structural evolutions of atomic clusters with thermal annealing or minor element addition,which strongly affect the thermal stability,crystallization behavior and glass forming ability of supercooled metallic liquids.The focus is centered on two kinds of atomic clusters,i.e.,icosahedral-like and crystallike atomic clusters.The coexistence of these different atomic clusters is found to be a very important factor for both high thermal stability and nanocrystallization of BMG-forming supercooled liquids.Moreover,through minor element addition,one could tailor the structure and volume fraction of atomic clusters in BMG-forming liquids,furthering their development for practical engineering and/or functional applications.
  • 摘要：Li-ion battery,as a typical rechargeable battery,has been dominantly applied in the energy storage field.In recent years,the high-tech development has required much higher performance of Li-ion batteries than ever,including higher energy density,good safety and stability,etc,which motivates a broad set of investigations and innovations on the battery materials and structures.Among them,fabricating cathode and anode composites consisting of graphene has been of great interest.Herein,the structure of Li-ion battery,current challenges,and the cut-of-edge studies about the graphene-based cathode and anode materials,were comprehensively summarized.In particular,the enhancement mechanism of the graphene towards the electric properties of the electrodes,and the fabrication technologies of the composite electrodes were introduced.In addition,some potential developing directions of the Li-ion battery materials were proposed as well.%锂离子电池是一种典型的可充电电池,在储能技术领域占主导地位,应用极为广泛.近年来,科技发展对锂离子电池提出了更高要求,包括高能量密度、高安全稳定性等,驱动着电池材料与结构不断创新发展.研制石墨烯基复合正极负极材料,是极为活跃的方向.在此,对锂离子电池的结构、面临的突出挑战以及石墨烯基正极和负极材料研究前沿进行了介绍,重点围绕石墨烯增强电极材料电学特性的基本原理和复合材料制备技术作了阐述,也提出了未来发展动向.
  • 摘要：2017年是动物运动摄影首创者、电影事业教父,法国摄影家埃德沃德·迈布里奇（Eadweard J.Muybridge）诞生187周年。这位去世了100多年的摄影家又一次进入了人们的视线,原因有二：第一,他是历史上非常罕见的在科技发明和艺术创作两方面都作出过卓越贡献的大师,他设计的用多台照相机拍摄的奔马运动,不仅构思巧妙而且意义重大：证明了欧洲艺术长期积累起来的四种表现奔马的姿态,其中三种是错误的（只有公元前5世纪雅典艺术家画的奔马姿态与照片一致——参见鲁道夫·阿恩海姆《艺术与视知觉》）。
  • 摘要：Electron microscopes have a high resolving power to reveal the details of the micro world and are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological specimens.However,they were long believed to not suitable for imaging biological specimens to achieve high resolution structures,because the powerful electron beam would destroy biological material and some other challenges,until the advent of cryo-electron microscopy.In this paper,we briefly reviewed the history and methodological development of electron microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy in biological specimens.%电子显微镜强大的分辨能力能帮助人类展示微观世界的细节,在生命科学领域有着广泛的用途.但是,由于生物样品无法承受电子束的辐照损伤,电镜技术一直很难在生物样品上获得高分辨率信息.冷冻电镜技术的诞生以及近几年的分辨率革命开启了一个利用电镜技术解析生物分子结构的新纪元,该技术的几位先驱科学家也因此获得了2017年的诺贝尔化学奖.本文简要回顾了电镜三维重构技术和冷冻技术的历史和发展现状,并对未来作出展望.
  • 摘要：2017年2月21日,国际著名数理经济学家、1972年度诺贝尔(Nobel)经济学奖获得者阿罗(K.J.Arrow)于美国辞世.谨作此文,以纪念他在社会选择理论,特别是其中将有关数学应用于研究经济学领域发现的“阿罗不可能性定理”作出的重大贡献.%This paper is written in remembrance of K.J.Arrow,Nobel Laureate in Economics of 1972,who died on the 21st of February,2017 for his important contribution to the theory of social choice,particularly his eponymous impossibility theorem.
  • 摘要：首先对粒子物理的基本目标、实验方法、研究现状以及粒子标准模型进行了简要介绍.解释了为何寻求超出标准模型的物理信号是现阶段物理学研究的核心任务.接着着重介绍了首个在粒子物理实验中被证实的超出标准模型的实验信号、中微子振荡及其实验测量,以及通向新物理原理的探针——希格斯(Higgs)玻色子.最后,介绍了高能物理实验设施,特别是现有的北京正负电子对撞机项目和未来的环形正负电子对撞机项目.对于后者,除了明晰其突出的物理学意义和物理学性能,还阐述了其对科学技术的促进作用.%We made a brief introduction to the particle physics,including its scientific objective,experimental methodology,current status and explicitly the Standard Model.We explained why the searching for Beyond Standard Model signal is of key importance for nowadays' physics research.The first experimental evidence of the Beyond Standard Model signal,the neutrino oscillation,is discussed in details.Meanwhile,we discussed intensively the Higgs boson,which serves as an extremely sensitive probe to the new physics signal.The particle physics experimental facilities are briefly summarized in this manuscript,especially the Beijing Electron Positron Collider and the proposed Circular Electron Positron Collider.For the latter,we demonstrated its physics reach,physics potential,and described its synergy with industrial technology innovation.
  • 摘要：On October 3rd,2017,it was announced that the Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 was divided,one half awarded to Rainer Weiss,the other half jointly to Barry C.Barish and Kip S.Thorne "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves".In this article,I shall try to answer the following questions:What is this scientific discovery?What is its relationship with the development of modern physics? What is its relationship with Einstein? Is gravitational wave useful? Is there any way to shield gravitational waves? What is the future of the detection of and research on gravitational waves? What are the future programs of gravitational wave detection in China?%2017年10月3日,终于到了宣布2017年物理学奖的时刻,诺奖委员会宣布:2017年的诺贝尔物理学奖授予三位美国物理学家雷纳·韦斯(Rainer Weiss)、基普·索里(Kip Stephen Thorne)和巴里·巴里什(Barry Clark Barish),表彰他们对于研制激光干涉引力波天文台以及利用该天文台发现了引力波作出了决定性的贡献.这样的结果毫无悬念,和物理学界大部分学者的预言完全一样.那么,这个科学发现到底是什么？和现代物理学的发展有什么关系？爱因斯坦和这个发现是什么关系？引力波有什么用？有办法防引力波辐射吗？引力波探测与研究的未来是什么？中国在引力波探测领域的现状和未来计划是什么？笔者将在这篇文章里回答上面这些问题.
  • 摘要：Superconductivity has been the frontier research area in condensed matter physics for more than one hundred years.At least,there are 5 Nobel Prizes in Physics awarded to superconductivity research,and about 10 laureates.More impressively,Chinese scientists have been making more and more important contributions to the superconductivity research,especially for recent leading studies on iron-based superconductors.Here,we will learn about the stories from these Nobel laureates,and introduce the importance of superconductors.Further possible Nobel prizes in superconductivity will be also discussed.%超导作为凝聚态物理前沿领域之一,百余年来长盛不衰,相关研究促成了至少5次诺贝尔物理学奖,获奖人数至少10人.随着超导研究的不断发展,中国科学家在其中的贡献也越来越重要,特别是在铁基超导领域已经引领世界前沿.本文将从各位诺奖得主的经历,主要介绍超导研究及其重要性,并探讨未来超导领域可能产生诺奖之处.
  • 摘要：标准宇宙学模型认为宇宙起源于大爆炸,并且经历了暴胀阶段.然而,为什么早期宇宙会暴胀,存在不同的理论假设.一个理想的模型是宇宙起源于真空,并演化为今天的宇宙.通过求解量子宇宙学方程,并使用德布罗意-玻姆量子轨道理论,可以获得真空暴胀解.随着微波背景辐射观测精度的提高,这一模型的正确性有望获得实验检验.%The standard cosmological model says that the universe originates from the Big Bang,including an accelerating expanding process called inflation.The vacuum inflation model states that the universe comes from a small vacuum bubble derived the quantum effects of its own.A mathematical proof is given for the inflation of vacuum which may be tested by the future observation on the cosmic microwave background.

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