Proactive Management for Conservation of 'Acropora cervicornis' and 'Acropora palmata': Application of the U.S. Endangered Species Act

摘要

Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis are important framework-building corals that provide a critical structuring role on shallow Caribbean reefs. In recent decades both species have declined from white-band disease and other factors. To increase awareness about their decline, the National Marine Fisheries Service in June 1999 identified A. palmata and A. cervicornis as candidate species for the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA). Candidate status does not add legal protection, but is designed to promote efforts to obtain reliable information on the species and to encourage voluntary conservation strategies for the protection of remaining populations. Application of the ESA to marine invertebrates presents several challenges. While distinct vertebrate populations can be listed, a marine invertebrate must be threatened throughout its range. Both Acropora spp. are widespread, however a survey of available information revealed gaps that prevent a synoptic overview of their status. Furthermore, measures of rarity have been developed for individuals, and may not be applicable to clonal organisms that rely on asexual fragmentation as a primary mode of propagation. An ESA listing requires implementation of a recovery plan and action by Federal agencies to conduct conservation programs, and to promote research, restoration and protection for these species, thereby benefiting associated coral reef organisms and the ecosystems upon which they depend.