Evaluation of Membrane Processes and Their Role in Wastewater Reclamation. Volume I

摘要

Water Factory 21 (WF-21) in Orange County, California, is a 15 mgd advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) plant designed to reclaim biologically treated municipal wastewater for injection into a seawater barrier system. Processes included are lime treatment, air stripping, filtration, activated carbon adsorption, reverse osmosis (RO), and chlorination. The effectiveness of each process is presented, with emphasis on demineralization, ozone and biologically activated carbon, and ultrafiltration. The two processes found most effective in removal of specific organics were air stripping and activated carbon adsorption. Overall removals generally exceeded 90%. Viruses were routinely found in WF-21 influent. On two occasions viruses were detected in the activated carbon effluent during upflow operation of the columns. Following modifications, no viruses have ever been found in the effluent from the activated carbon columns or that from the RO system. AWT cost at WF-21 is $665/mil gal and the additional cost of RO demineralization is $621/mil gal. These figures include all operation and maintenance costs as well as amortization of capital.