Estimation of Crop Gross Primary Production (GPP): I. Impact of MODIS Observation Footprint and Impact of Vegetation BRDF Characteristics.

摘要

Accurate estimation of gross primary production (GPP) is essential for carbon cycle and climate change studies. Three AmeriFlux crop sites of maize and soybean were selected for this study. Two of the sites were irrigated and the other one was rainfed. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), the green band chlorophyll index (CIgreen), and the green band wide dynamic range vegetation index (WDRVIgreen) were computed from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance data. We examined the impacts of the MODIS observation footprint and the vegetation bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) on crop daily GPP estimation with the four spectral vegetation indices (VIs - NDVI, EVI, WDRVIgreen and CIgreen) where GPP was predicted with two linear models, with and without offset: GPP = a X VI X PAR and GPP = a X VI X PAR + b. Model performance was evaluated with coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of variation (CV). The MODIS data were filtered into four categories and four experiments were conducted to assess the impacts. The first experiment included all observations. The second experiment only included observations with view zenith angle (VZA) . 35. to constrain growth of the footprint size,which achieved a better grid cell match with the agricultural fields. The third experiment included only forward scatter observations with VZA . 35.. The fourth experiment included only backscatter observations with VZA . 35.. experiment 1; and experiment 4 vs. experiment 3 were indicators of the impacts. The second experiment produced better performance than the first experiment, increasing R2 (> 0.13) and reducing RMSE (< 0.68 g c m-2 d-1) and CV (> 9%). For each VI, the slope of GPP = a x VI x PAR in the second experiment for each crop type changed little while the slope and intercept of GPP = a x VI x PAR + b varied field by field. The Clgreen was least affected by the MODIS observation footprint in estimating crop daily GPP (R2, < 0.42 g C m-2 d-1; and CV < 7%). Footprint most affected the NDVI (R2, < 0.15; CV, > 10%) and the EVI (RMS, < 0.84 g C m-2 d-1.) The vegetation BRDS impact also caused variation of model performance and change of model coefficients. Significantly different slopes were obtained for forward vs. backscatter observations, especially for Clgreen and the NDVI. Both the footprint impact and the BRDF impact varied with crop types, irrigation options, model options and VI options.