Secondary Batteries: Lead Acid Battery Thermal Runaway

摘要

The thermal runaway effect observed in sealed lead acid batteries is reviewed and reassessed as a means for understanding the effect at a more fundamental level. It is to be noted that a popular explanation for the heat generated when a sealed cell is overcharged is that the oxygen recombination taking place at the negative electrode is an exothermic process. Although it is a fact that this recombination reaction is exothermic, the first law of thermodynamics mandates that the net enthalpy of the closed cycle oxygen recombination process is exactly zero (also known as Hess's Law). Since the closed oxygen cycle cannot produce any enthalpic heat, the heat generated must be entirely of Joule origin. In view of this apparent dilemma, an alternative mechanism is developed and discussed that the gas evolution process displaces the electrolyte in the intercell gap. By doing that, this electrolyte displacement causes a substantial increase in the internal resistance of the cell. The consequence of this resistance increase in the presence of current passing through the cell is a significant contributor to the observed heat generation. This paper presents data and discussions that support this interpretation. This mechanistic interpretation has some notable implications. That is, the heat generation process is largely chemistry independent (i.e., it is common to all sealed cell designs), is the consequence of the ability of the separator to manage the electrolyte distribution within the cell and can thermally accelerate thermodynamically spontaneous processes that have slow kinetics under normal ambient conditions. To add additional credibility to the interpretation, the analysis of the thermal runaway that takes place in lithium ion cells is attempted by building on the model developed for lead acid thermal runaway.