Universal Grids: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS). Edition 1.

摘要

This manual describes geographic to grid and grid to geographic conversions for the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grids. It also discusses computations for convergence from geographic positions and from grid coordinates for the UTM grid, and convergence in the Polar Stereographic projection. Both mathematical and tabular methods are illustrated for the above items. A discussion of scale corrections is included. Transformations between the two grids, the Military Grid Reference System and the World Geographic Reference System are discussed. Finally, datum transformation methods, formulas and definitions are illustrated. Diagrams, textual information and software are provided.... UTM projection parameters, Accuracy of equations, Coordinate conversions, Convergence, Scale factors, UPS projection parameters, Grid tables.