System features integrated into modern FPGAs allow designers to implement an increasing proportion of an embedded design in a small number of reconfigurable components. It is quite normal to take advantage of the FPGA's reconfigurability to download test programs to exercise various parts of the system and to perform self-test routines in the field. During development and prototyping, however, engineers must debug hardware before functional tests are ready. But the presence of the system features that are so valuable to the end product increasingly rules out the use of conventional probe-based test techniques.
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