Judicial approaches to stored (cryopreserved) human embryos, in western jurisprudence, tend not to reflect approaches within systems of moral ordering or particular religious traditions, which differ among themselves. The emerging judicial approach is pragmatic, protecting individuals' rights of control and their interests in parenthood. Embryos are approached instrumentally, not by reference to any inherent characteristics that may be attributed to them outside the law. Political legislatures may adopt religious approaches, such as by prohibiting embryo preservation and limiting how many may be created in an IVF treatment cycle. Legislatures may alternatively set time limits on embryo preservation, however, on expiry of which they must be left to natural degeneration. In treating human embryos as property, courts recognize owners' powers of voluntary disposition, for instance by gift, but have held back from making financial assessments of their value, for instance on loss, consistently with legislation prohibiting their exchange for payment.
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