Complex adaptations to traumatic stress: from neurobiological to social and cultural aspects.

摘要

The effects of extreme stress have long been recognized through syndromes such as battle fatigue and shell shock. However, it was not until 1980 that APA first included post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), in part because of a social demand to acknowledge and describe the insidious psychological problems experienced by many of the Vietnam veterans returning from an unpopular war. The significance of creating PTSD as a diagnosis was the recognition that respons.es to traumatic events formed a legitimate psychiatric condition influenced by the meaning of social events and were not merely a matter of individuals' weakness. This inclusion has allowed the identification of a broad range of psychiatric