Thermal refuge affects space use and movement of a large-bodied galliform

摘要

Temperature affects every organism on Earth and has been argued to be one of the most critical factors influencing organisms' ecology and evolution. Most organisms are susceptible to landscape temperature ranges that exceed their thermal tolerance. As a result, the distribution of landscape features that mitigate thermal extremes can affect movement and space use of organisms. Using Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) as a model species, we measured black bulb temperature throughout the diurnal period and identified vegetation characteristics at wild turkey locations and random landscape locations. We observed that the thermal landscape was highly heterogeneous with temperature varying up to 52 degrees C at a given ambient temperature. Vegetation type strongly influenced temperature across space during daily peak heating, with taller vegetation types (woody vegetation > 2 m) having mean temperatures up to 8.95 degrees C cooler than the remainder of the landscape. However, these cooler vegetation types were uncommon, only accounting for 8.2% of the landscape. Despite the rarity of tall woody cover, wild turkey showed strong selection for this vegetation type particularly during peak daily heating with 74.9% of locations within 18 m of tree cover. Not only did wild turkey alter space use across time relative to temperature variation, but they also altered movement. We found that on the hottest days ( >= 35 degrees C), wild turkeys decreased movement by three fold during peak heating, while movement on cooler days ( 30 degrees C) was uniform. Collectively, our data provide evidence that space use and movement for large avian species can be influenced by the thermal environment, and that the thermal environment is an important component of habitat for a species.