In the beginning of modern nursing in the United States, there was ethics. As noted in the October/ December 2018 column, from the 1800s to 1965, there were approximately 100 nursing ethics textbooks and editions were published. At any given time, two to 11 of these textbooks were in print. In addition, between the 1890s and 1965, hundreds of journal articles principally devoted to ethics, appeared in the Trained Nurse and Hospital Review (TNHR), the American Journal of Nursing (AJN), and other early nursing journals. In 1889, Harriet Camp wrote a six-article series for TNHR, "The Ethics of Nursing," in which she divided nursing ethics into seven "classes" (relationships) and then discussed the duties of each relationship in the article series. No author was listed for the article, only that the author was a female superintendent of a school of nursing in Brooklyn, New York. Camp was superintendent at the time.
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