Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Anthelmintic Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Livestock

摘要

Gastrointestinal nematode parasites of ruminants have many biologic and genetic features that favor the development of drug resistance, which has led to the worldwide development of high levels of anthelmintic resistance. The rate of resistance development is affected by a number of controllable factors, thus there is an urgent need to change the paradigm of control in order to reduce the rate with which resistance develops. This article reviews the biology and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, and provides recommendations for diagnosing resistance and for strategies that should be implemented to reduce the development of resistance.