Characterization of the Effects of L-4-Chlorokynurenine on Nociception in Rodents

摘要

Upon systemic administration in rats, the prodrug L-4-chlorokynurenine (4-CI-KYN; AV-101; VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, CA) is rapidly absorbed, actively transported across the blood-brain barrier, and converted in astrocytes to 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-CI-KYNA), a potent and specific antagonist of the glycine B coagonist site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. We examined the effects of 4-CI-KYN in several rat models of hyperalgesia and allodynia and determined the concentrations of 4-CI-KYN and newly produced 7-CI-KYNA in serum, brain, and spinal cord. Adult male rats were given 4-CI-KYN (56, 167, 500 mg/kg), the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (.1,.3, 1.0 mg/kg), or gabapentin (33, 100, 300 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and were then examined on rotarod, intraplantar formalin-evoked flinching, thermal escape in the normal and carrageenan-inflamed paw, and allodynia after sciatic nerve ligation. Our conclusions show that after systemic delivery, the highest 2 doses (167 and 500 mg/kg) of 4-CI-KYN yielded brain concentrations of 7-CI-KYNA exceeding its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at the glycine B site and resulted in dose-dependent antihyperalgesia in the 4 models of facilitated processing associated with tissue inflammation and nerve injury. On the basis of the relative dose requirements for analgesic actions and side effect profiles from these experiments, 4-CI-KYN is predicted to have antihyperalgesic efficacy and a therapeutic ratio equal to gabapentin and superior to MK-801.