Diagnosis and Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in DairySmall Ruminants; Sheep and Goats

摘要

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious viral diseases of mammals that have an ability to cause high economiclosses in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. In addition to, losses in the milk productions occurred in the form of sudden and severe dropof milk yield. The aim of the present work was to throw light on the different methods for diagnosis and control of FMD that affect dairysmall ruminants; sheep and goats. Sheep and goats play a role in the FMD epidemiology, as they become carriers and act as reservoirsof infection. Diagnosis of FMD achieved by many techniques such as virus isolation, Sandwich ELISA, Multiplex PCR, indirect ELISA (DIVA)and real time PCR. Virus isolation onto cell culture is considered as the “gold standard” technique for FMD diagnosis. Moreover, detectingof antibodies against the non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD using indirect-ELISA were successful for differentiation between infectedand vaccinated animals (DIVA). Differentiation of the infected from the vaccinated animal is of great importance in the control programof FMD. The control program depends mainly on vaccination, treatment, effective quarantine measures, disinfection and hygiene andsanitation measures. Treatment protocols of small ruminants are showing typical clinical symptoms of FMD achieved by the use ofantipyretic and analgesic medicine and a broad-spectrum long-acting antibiotic. The inactivated FMDV vaccine succeeded in reducingthe outbreaks worldwide. It gives protection for all ruminants against FMDV for 1 year. Foot and mouth disease have the ability to causemilk production losses in small ruminants. Recent diagnostic tools urgently needed not only for the diagnosis, but also for following-upcombating programs and control of FMD.