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Exploring ideas about isotopic variation in breastfeeding and weaning within and between populations: Case studies from the American midcontinent

机译：探索母乳喂养同位素变异的思考和群体中的断奶：案例研究来自美国中等的

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Abstract >Infant feeding practices are partially constrained by the biological demands of infants and mothers but vary within those constraints based on factors such as subsistence practices, health, class and ethnic variations, and the presence or absence of foods that can be substituted for breastmilk. Over the past 20?years, nitrogen stable isotope ratios have been used to explore infant feeding practices in past populations. Recent studies have moved from normative approaches primarily focused on weaning time to examinations of intrapopulation variation. Juvenile and adult stable nitrogen isotope ratios from five sites in the midcontinental USA spanning almost 5,000?years provide an opportunity to examine the relationships between subsistence practices and social organization to juvenile diets reflected in nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios and how interpretations of juvenile isotopic variability have changed over time. Infant feeding practices were variable in all populations and between roughly contemporary groups with similar ways of life. As reported before, no change in weaning time was seen with the appearance of food production from Late Archaic hunter‐gatherers (Indian Knoll and Carlston Annis sites) to maize agriculturalists (Angel and Tinsley Hill sites), but carbon stable‐isotope ratios show differences in childhood diet and the consumption of supplemental foods by prehistoric maize agriculturalists. Variability at four prehistoric sites was much less than that seen in an early 19th century cemetery (Old Frankfort Cemetery). Although many juveniles at Old Frankfort followed a trajectory of breastfeeding and weaning similar to that seen at the prehistoric sites, there was an unusually large amount of variation in juvenile and adult diets at Old Frankfort Cemetery. Additional studies on early industrial multi‐ethnic frontier populations are needed to better understand the significance of the variation in this type of population. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract XMLNS =“http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley”type =“main”xml：lang =“en”> <标题类型=“main”>抽象</ title> >婴儿喂养实践部分受到婴儿和母亲的生物需求的限制，但基于生活方式实践，健康，课程和种族变异等因素，以及可替代母乳所取代的食物的因素。在过去的20年中，多年来，氮稳定同位素比已经用于探索过去种群的婴儿饲养实践。最近的研究已经从主要侧重于断奶时间的规范方法转移到血管分析变异的检查。来自美国中外联交的五个地点的青少年和成人稳定的氮同位素比例近5000人？年份为审查氮气和碳稳定同位素比的少年饮食以及少年同位素变异性的少年饮食之间的关系，以及对少年同位素变异性的解释随着时间的推移改变了。婴儿喂养实践在所有人口中都是可变的，并且在具有类似生活方式的大致当代团体之间。据报道，随着玉米猎人 - 采集者（印度人Knoll和Carlston Annis Sites）的粮食生产出现对玉米农业学家（天使和Tinsley Hill Sites）的外观，但碳稳定同位素率没有发生改变，但碳稳定同位素率显示出差异史前玉米农业学家儿童饮食和辅食消耗。四个史前地点的变异性远低于19世纪初的公墓（旧法兰克福公墓）。虽然老法兰克特的许多青少年伴随着在史前地点看到的母乳喂养和断奶的轨迹，但在旧的法兰克福墓地的少年和成人饮食中存在异常大量的变化。需要提前的工业多种族前沿群体的额外研究，以更好地了解这种人口变异的重要性。</ p> </摘要> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-21570/'>《International journal of osteoarchaeology》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2018年第5期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共13页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Schurr Mark R.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Schurr Mark R.;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/140.html" title="文物考古">文物考古;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=breastfeeding&option=203" rel="nofollow">breastfeeding;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Late Archaic&option=203" rel="nofollow">Late Archaic;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Middle Mississippian&option=203" rel="nofollow">Middle Mississippian;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=North America&option=203" rel="nofollow">North America;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=stable isotopes&option=203" rel="nofollow">stable isotopes;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=weaning&option=203" rel="nofollow">weaning;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：母乳喂养;沉淀;中间密西西比州;北美;稳定同位素;断奶; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div 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