A history and evolution of laparoscopic nephrectomy: perspectives from the past and future directions in the surgical management of renal tumors.

摘要

June 25, 2010 marks the twentieth anniversary of the first clinical laparoscopic nephrectomy. Since the advent of this procedure a paradigm shift toward minimally invasive options for urological surgery has been witnessed, resulting in rapid technological innovations and improved patient outcomes. A history of the minimally invasive surgical management of renal masses is presented with a focus on laparoscopic nephrectomy.