Nitrosative modifications of protein and lipid signaling molecules by reactivenitrogen species.

摘要

This review is the last of four review articles addressing covalent modificationsof proteins and lipids. Two of the reviews in this series were previouslypublished (15, 28) and dealt with modifications of signaling proteins byGlcNAcylation and serine phosphorylation. In the current issue of the Journal, wecomplete this series with two reviews, one by Riahi et al. (102a) on thesignaling and cellular functions of 4-hydroxyalkenals, key products of lipidperoxidation processes, and our present review on the effects of nitrosativemodifications of protein and lipid signaling molecules by reactive nitrogenspecies. The aim of this Perspectives review is to highlight the significant rolethat reactive nitrogen species may play in the regulation of cellular metabolism through this important class of posttranslational modification. The potentialrole of nitrosative modifications in the regulation of insulin signaltransduction, mitochondrial energy metabolism, mRNA transcription, stresssignaling, and endoplasmic reticulum function will each be discussed. Sincenitrosative modifications are not restricted to proteins, the currentunderstanding of a recently described genus of "nitro-fatty acids" will also beaddressed.