Ivletabolic actions of metformin in the heart can occur by AMPK-independent mechanisms

摘要

amp-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered to be a metabolic fuel gauge activated by decreases in cellular energy state with the activation occurring by allosteric mechanisms, the phosphorylation of the a-catalytic subunit by one or more upstream kinaes (AMPK), and/or the inhibition of phosphatase action (21, 22, 31). More recently, it has been shown that AMPK can be activated in cells without changes in energy state by a calcium-dependent pathway involving calcium/cal-modulin-dependent protein kinase kinases as upstream AMPK kinases (24, 29, 31, 61) and by long-chain fatty acids (8, 14). Once activated, AMPK inhibits energy-using anabolic pathways arid stimulates energy-producing catabolic pathways.