A hybrid redox flow battery with high energy efficiency using a low cost sandwiched membrane as a separator and LiMn2O4 as a cathode

摘要

Here we report a PVDF/PMMA-LiCIO4/PVDF sandwiched separator that can only conduct lithium ions rather than protons. With LiMn2O4 and Cr~(3+) aqueous solution employed as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, an economic hybrid redox flow battery (HRFB) is fabricated.