Using Input-Output Analysis to Measure the Environmental Pressure of Consumption at Different Spatial Levels

摘要

Input-output modeling is a useful tool for tracing environmental impacts of consumption.Because it includes impacts originating from production layers of infinite order(capturing the entire economy),input-output modeling is highly relevant for studies operating in a life-cycle context.In this article we show how the input-output approach can be used to enumerate the problem of sustainable consumption.Based on a literature survey including research done by the authors we present measures of the emissions of carbon dioxide at different spatial levels:nation,city,and household.Further,we take more environmental effects into account and introduce the concept of environmental efficiency by combining input-output modeling and data envelopment analysis.Finally,we discuss the policy relevance of the different measures.The article demonstrates that input-output modeling has a wide range of life-cycle oriented applications when combined with other data sources such as detailed trade statistics,foreign input-output and environmental statistics,and household expenditure data.