A coronary artery fistula successfully closed with the precise guidance of three-dimensional echocardiography

摘要

IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) occur with an incidence of 0.3% to 0.8%. Usually of congenital origin, the first CAFs were reported by Krause in 1865. The severity of the left-to-right shunt determines the clinical presentation, which can include fatigue, dyspnea, angina, orthopnea, and myocardial disease. Many individuals present because of a systolic-diastolic murmur heard during physical examination. Most fistulas are incidentally found during angiography and from abnormalities on chest radio-graphs and electrocardiograms (ECG).