Pathways to anaclitic and introjective depression.

摘要

Depression may be conceptualized multidimensionally, owing to marked individual differences in developmental vulnerability and phenomenology. Blatt (Blatt, Quinlan, Chevran, McDonald, Zuroff, 1982; Blatt, Quinlan, Pilkonis, & Shea, 1995) has validated two subtypes of depression. Anaclitic depression involves excessive interpersonal concerns, including feelings of loneliness, weakness, helplessness and abandonment fears. Introjective depression denotes achievement concerns, and is characterized by a tendency towards self-criticism and self-evaluation. Present research examined this distinction by identifying possible differential attachment patterns for the depression subtypes. It was hypothesized that, while secure attachment would negatively relate to depression, insecure attachment would predict anaclitic and introjective subtypes, with perfectionism mediating this relationship. A sample of 245 participants completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Multidimensional Perfectionism Questionnaire, and two measures of attachment. Regressional techniques revealed that anaclitic depression was predicted by preoccupied attachment (seeking others' acceptance to bolster low self-worth), with socially prescribed perfectionism (striving to meet the high standards of others) partially mediating the relationship. Introjective depression was predicted by fearful-avoidant attachment (low self-worth and expectations of rejection), with self-oriented perfectionism (self-imposed unrealistic standards) acting as a partial mediator. Findings further validate these depressive subtypes by indicating their different attachment-perfectionism paths. Results are concordant with attachment theory and have implications for both theory and therapy.