Urinary Tract Infections: Causes and Treatment Update

摘要

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a significant health problem in both community and hospital-based, settings. Approximately 11% of women in the United States report a minimum of one physician-diagnosed UTI per year, and the lifetime probability of UTI in females is 6G%. Background These infections may involve the lower urinary tract, the upper urinary tract, or both. The presence of bacteriuria without symptoms is termed asymptomatic bacteriuria. Cystitis refers to infections limited to the lower urinary tract presenting with dysuria, frequent and urgent urination, and occasional suprapubic tenderness. Acute pyelonephritis refers to infection of the upper urinary tract accompanied by fever, flank pain, and significant bacteriuria. Complicated UTI (cUTI) occurs in patients with predisposing factors including obstructed urinary flow (i.e., congenital causes), prostatic obstruction or urinary stones, incomplete bladder emptying due to anatomical or neurogenic causes, foreign bodies within the urinary tract (e.g., catheters, drainage tubes), systemic illness (e.g., diabetes), and pregnancy.