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Sexual differentiation and the Kiss1 system: hormonal and developmental considerations.

机译:性别分化和Kiss1系统:激素和发育方面的考虑。

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The nervous system (both central and peripheral) is anatomically and physiologically differentiated between the sexes, ranging from gender-based differences in the cerebral cortex to motoneuron number in the spinal cord. Although genetic factors may play a role in the development of some sexually differentiated traits, most identified sex differences in the brain and behavior are produced under the influence of perinatal sex steroid signaling. In many species, the ability to display an estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge is sexually differentiated, yet the specific neural population(s) that allows females but not males to display such estrogen-mediated "positive feedback" has remained elusive. Recently, the Kiss1/kisspeptin system has been implicated in generating the sexually dimorphic circuitry underlying the LH surge. Specifically, Kiss1 gene expression and kisspeptin protein levels in the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus of the hypothalamus are sexually differentiated, with females displaying higher levels than males, even under identical hormonal conditions as adults. These findings, in conjunction with accumulating evidence implicating kisspeptins as potent secretagogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), suggest that the sex-specific display of the LH surge (positive feedback) reflects sexual differentiation of AVPV Kiss1 neurons. In addition, developmental kisspeptin signaling via its receptor GPR54 appears to be critical in males for the proper sexual differentiation of a variety of sexually dimorphic traits, ranging from complex social behavior to specific forebrain and spinal cord neuronal populations. This review discusses the recent data, and their implications, regarding the bi-directional relationship between the Kiss1 system and the process of sexual differentiation.
机译:性别在解剖学和生理上都在神经系统(中央和周围)上有所区别,范围从基于性别的大脑皮层差异到脊髓中的运动神经元数。尽管遗传因素可能在某些性别差异性状的发展中发挥作用,但在围生期性类固醇信号传导的影响下,大脑和行为中大多数已确定的性别差异是产生的。在许多物种中,显示雌激素诱导的促黄体生成激素(LH)激增的能力在性别上有所区别,但是允许雌性而不是雄性显示此类雌激素介导的“阳性反馈”的特定神经种群仍然难以捉摸。最近,已将Kiss1 / kisspeptin系统牵涉到产生LH激增的性二态性电路。具体来说,下丘脑前脑室(AVPV)核中的Kiss1基因表达和Kisspeptin蛋白水平存在性别差异,即使在与成年人相同的荷尔蒙条件下,女性的水平也高于男性。这些发现与越来越多的证据表明,kisepteptin是促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)的强促分泌剂有关,表明LH激增的性别特异性显示(正反馈)反映了AVPV Kiss1神经元的性别分化。此外,通过其受体GPR54的发育性亲肽信号传导对于男性来说,对于各种性二态性状的正确性别分化(从复杂的社交行为到特定的前脑和脊髓神经元人群)的正确性别分化看来至关重要。这篇综述讨论了有关Kiss1系统与性别分化过程之间的双向关系的最新数据及其含义。

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