The US Marine Corps (USMC), faced with the urgent need to replace the 40-year-old AAV-7, launched different programmes. The advanced Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) was cancelled in 2011, as too expensive and unreliable. The more austere Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) and the Marine Personnel Carrier (MPC), were then launched in parallel. The MPC was not required to be amphibious, like the AAV, EFV, or ACV, but would have had only a limited river-crossing capability. However, in June 2013, MPC was temporarily frozen, only to be resurrected after just one year and redesignated ACV 1.1, with a limited swim capability requirement, reaching the vicinity of the beach by ship-to-shore connectors.
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