Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles vs Peninsulars?

摘要

Between 1810 and 1825 the American mainland territories of Spain and Portugal secured their independence from Iberian colonialism. In Brazil, which seceded from Portugal as an independent monarchy in 1812, the process was relatively peaceful and arguably incomplete, because the country's first emperor, Pedro I, retained his right of succession to the Portuguese throne, and peninsular-born ministers remained in control of the new state until his abdication and return to Portugal in 1831.