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Water-energy Nexus: a case of biogas production from energy crops evaluated by Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

机译:水能连结:通过水足迹和生命周期评估(LCA)评估的能源作物生产沼气的案例

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摘要

Water, energy and food have the common characteristic of being scarce natural resources. Their inextricable link is at the basis of the water, energy and food Nexus, meaning that actions in one area generally have impacts in one or both of the others. According to this observation, the need arises for an integrated approach to the management of these three pillars of our global system in order to achieve real environmental, economic and social development As a study case of the multiple interconnections between the three elements, the production of biogas from the anaerobic digestion of energy crops was analysed in this study. Similarly to other types of bioenergy, the increasing diffusion of biogas production from energy crops generates concerns about potential negative effects on the environment, on competition in the food market as well as about the progressive changes in land use. In particular the trade-offs between water use and bioenergy production have been investigated through the integration of Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment methodologies; this represents a decidedly innovative evaluation path, in particular with reference to biogas production. Three different geographical locations (northern, central and southern Italy) and three different crops (maize, sorghum and wheat) were considered. Water Footprint results show that the cultivation phase has the most impact on water resources along the entire life cycle. Sorghum results as being the crop with the lowest water requirements among the three. Biogas production from energy crops in southern Italy is unsustainable from a water management perspective. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment shows that biogas production from energy crops, in general, has negative impacts (i.e. beneficial environmental performances), due to the savings associated with the avoidance of conventional energy production, for all the considered indicators except water depletion, fresh water ecotoxicity and marine ecotoxicity. The results highlight crop cultivation as the main source of impacts, especially due to the fertilizing, ploughing and irrigation processes. WF and LCA results show the benefit of coupling the two methods. Since WF focuses on water use and LCA focuses on an extended range of environmental loads, creating synergies between these two approaches can help to give a comprehensive assessment and a better insight into the Nexus. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译:水,能源和食物的共同特征是稀缺的自然资源。它们之间不可分割的联系是建立在水,能源和食物联系的基础上的,这意味着一个地区的行动通常会对另一个地区或其中一个产生影响。根据这一观察,有必要采取综合方法来管理我们全球系统的这三个支柱,以实现真正的环境,经济和社会发展。作为三个要素之间多重相互联系的研究案例,本研究分析了能源作物厌氧消化产生的沼气。与其他类型的生物能源类似,能源作物中沼气生产的日益扩散引发了人们对环境的潜在负面影响,食品市场竞争以及土地利用的逐步变化的担忧。特别是通过水足迹和生命周期评估方法的综合研究,研究了用水和生物能源生产之间的权衡;这代表了一条绝对创新的评估途径,尤其是在沼气生产方面。考虑了三个不同的地理位置(意大利北部,中部和南部)和三种不同的作物(玉米,高粱和小麦)。水足迹结果表明,在整个生命周期中,耕作阶段对水资源的影响最大。高粱是三者中需水量最低的作物。从水资源管理的角度来看,意大利南部能源作物生产沼气是不可持续的。生命周期影响评估表明,能源消耗的沼气生产总体上具有负面影响(即有益的环境绩效),这是由于避免了常规能源生产所带来的节约,对于所有考虑的指标(除水耗,淡水之外)生态毒性和海洋生态毒性。结果突出表明作物种植是影响的主要来源,特别是由于施肥,耕作和灌溉过程。 WF和LCA结果显示了结合这两种方法的好处。由于WF专注于用水,而LCA专注于广泛的环境负荷,因此在这两种方法之间建立协同作用可以帮助进行全面评估并更好地了解Nexus。 (C)2015 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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