On the Meaning of Fuzzy Approach and Normalisation in Life Cycle Impact Assessment

摘要

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is documented in the form of ISO standards 14040 and 14044 (ISO 2006a, 2006b), giving instructions for LCA practitioners to conduct LCIA applications according to 'good practice'. This framework includes six phases: selection of impact categories, classification, characterisation, normalisation, grouping and weighting. Characterisation according to the ISO standard is considered as the last mandatory step due to its scientific character; in characterisation, different environmental interventions (emissions, resource extractions and land use) should be aggregated to impact category indicator results on the basis of the relevant environmental processes.