A full-wave treatment of lossy three-dimensional structures using the finite-difference method in the frequency domain is presented. This accounts for both dielectric and conductor losses. By the introduction of a surface resistance, the effect of conductor losses and surface roughness can be modeled very efficiently. The modifications of the finite-difference-frequency-domain (FDFD) algorithm are presented. Comparisons between the conventional approach using elementary cells with finite conductivity and this new discretization method with surface current cells are given, and the advantages and limitations of the surface current model are shown.
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