A LiDAR signature library simulated from 3-dimensional Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model to classify fuel types using spectral matching algorithms

摘要

Fuel types are one of the key variables that drive wildfire ignition and propagation. A new method is proposed to automatically classify and map fuel types from LiDAR data. The 3-dimensional Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model generated a fuel type LiDAR signature library. These simulations provided reference endmembers and additional data to demonstrate the feasibility to classify fuel types using spectral matching algorithms, like multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) and spectral angle mapper (SAM). When choosing a single endmember per fuel type, MESMA outperformed SAM with 63.3% and 48.9% agreement, respectively. Multiple endmembers per fuel type improved the classification results to 85.3% in SAM and 86.5% in MESMA. Endmembers need to identify different scan angles that account for the variability in height and number of trees for better results. Contrary to empirical models, a fuel type LiDAR signature library provides a comprehensive suite of solutions to classify fuel types from LiDAR data that is less study site dependent and applicable to multiple sensors.