Whenever the non-Islamic world has confronted the Muslim one, militant movements have arisen from within that impeded crusty regimes from seeing off the external threat. Under attack from Crusaders in the west and Mongols in the east in the early medieval period, jihadist groups and firebrand preachers turned on heterodoxy in the ranks. Saladin overthrew the Shia imamate in Cairo and set troops on the Crusaders. He also established law schools that reduced multiple legal interpretations into rigid codes. In the 13th century Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya, a Sunni scholar in Damascus, adopted the notion of takfir, denouncing as apostates Muslims whom he deemed wayward, a crime punishable by death.
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机译：每当非伊斯兰世界与穆斯林世界对峙时，激进的运动便是从阻挠的政权内部逃避外部威胁而产生的。在中世纪早期，在西方的十字军和东方的蒙古人的攻击下，圣战组织和火力传教士在队伍中使用了异端。萨拉丁在开罗推翻了什叶派伊斯兰教徒，并向十字军进军。他还建立了法学院，将多种法律解释简化为严格的法规。在13世纪，大马士革的逊尼派学者塔吉·丁·伊本·塔米雅（Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya）采纳了塔克菲（takfir）的概念，谴责他认为自己任性随意的穆斯林，将其判处死刑。
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