Comparative Anatomy, Anthropology and Archaeology as Case Studies on the Influence of Human Biases in Natural Sciences: The Origin of ‘Humans’, of ‘Behaviorally Modern Humans’ and of ‘Fully Civilized Humans’

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Comparative Anatomy, Anthropology and Archaeology as Case Studies on the Influence of Human Biases in Natural Sciences: The Origin of ‘Humans’, of ‘Behaviorally Modern Humans’ and of ‘Fully Civilized Humans’

机译：比较解剖学，人类学和考古学，以研究自然科学中人类偏见的影响：“人类”，“行为现代人类”和“完全文明人类”的起源

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Natural sciences are considered to be exact sciences. However, despite usually being effectively usually more ‘objective’ than for instance social sciences, they are not immune to a problem common to all sciences: the intrinsic psychological, sociological and/or historical biases of the scientists. In the present paper I will briefly discuss the influence of these biases in natural sciences, using anthropology, archaeology and comparative anatomy as case studies. I will specifically discuss how these influences have lead scientists to ‘actively search’ and supposedly ‘find’ data to support that the first ‘humans’, the first ‘behaviorally modern humans’ and the first ‘fully civilized or sophisticated humans’ were mostly originated in Europe, in some cases to the extent of fabricating false scientific evidence.

机译：自然科学被认为是精确的科学。但是，尽管通常比社会科学通常更具“客观性”，但它们也不能幸免于所有科学共同的问题：科学家固有的心理，社会学和/或历史偏见。在本文中，我将以人类学，考古学和比较解剖学为例，简要讨论这些偏见对自然科学的影响。我将具体讨论这些影响如何导致科学家“积极地搜索”并假定“寻找”数据以支持最初的“人类”，第一个“行为现代的人类”和第一个“完全文明的或成熟的人类”的起源在欧洲，在某些情况下会捏造虚假的科学证据。

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《The Open Anatomy Journal》 |2010年第1期|共12页
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1. Comparative anatomical study of the forearm extensor muscles of Cebus libidinosus (Rylands et al., 2000; Primates, Cebidae), modern humans, and other primates, with comments on primate evolution, phylogeny, and manipulatory behavior. [J] . Aversi Ferreira TA, Diogo R, Potau JM, The anatomical record: advances in integrative anatomy and evolutionary biology . 2010,第12期

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2. Comparative study of the claws of Pediculus humanus capitis between archaeological and modern specimens [J] . Nunez Hipolito, Arriaza Bernardo, Standen Vivien, Micron: The international research and review journal for microscopy . 2017,第期

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6. Lexicon Medicum; or Medical Dictionary: Containing an Explanation of the Terms in Anatomy Human and Comparative Botany Chemistry Forensic Medicine Materia Medica Obstetrics Pharmacy Physiology Practice of Physic Surgery Toxicology and the Different Branches of Natural Science Connected with Medicine; Together with a Variety of Information on All These Subjects [O] . 1849

机译：词典Medicum;或医学词典：包含以下方面的术语解释：解剖学人体和比较学植物学化学法医学本草产科药学生理学物理实践外科毒理学以及与之相关的自然科学的不同分支药物;连同有关所有这些主题的各种信息
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

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Comparative Anatomy, Anthropology and Archaeology as Case Studies on the Influence of Human Biases in Natural Sciences: The Origin of ‘Humans’, of ‘Behaviorally Modern Humans’ and of ‘Fully Civilized Humans’

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