Position adjustment–based location error–resilient geo-opportunistic routing for void hole avoidance in underwater sensor networks

摘要

This paper presents four routing protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks (USNs): LocationError–resilient Transmission Range adjustment–based protocol (LETR),Mobile Sink–based GEographicand Opportunistic Routing (MSGER), Mobile Sink–based LETR (MSLETR), and ModifiedMSLETR (MMS-LETR). LETR considers transmission range levels for finding neighbor nodes. If anode fails to find any neighbor nodewithin its definedmaximumtransmission range level, it recoversfrom communication void regions using depth adjustment technology. MSGER and MSLETRavoid depth and transmission range adjustment and overcome the problem of communicationvoid regions using MSs, whereas MMS-LETR takes into account noise attenuation at variousdepth levels, elimination of retransmissions using multi-path communication and load balancing.The performance of our proposed protocols is evaluated through simulations using differentparameters. The simulation results show that MSS-LETR supersedes all counterpart schemes interms of packet loss ratio. LETR significantly improves network performance in terms of energyconsumption, packet loss ratio, fraction of void nodes, and the total amount of depth adjustment.