In September 2013, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors reviewed a report by Director-General Yukiya Amano on efforts to further strengthen the effectiveness of safeguards and increase their efficiency. The report described an approach to the implementation of safeguards that had come to be known as the "state-level concept." Rather than being received as intended-as a blueprint for the next logical step in the evolution of safeguards-the paper and, more specifically, the concept it described triggered a decidedly vitriolic response.
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