Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917-derived outer membrane vesicles enhance immunomodulation and antimicrobial activity in RAW264.7 macrophages

摘要

Visualization and characterization of OMVs derived from probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN_OMVs). a The particle numbers of the resulting fractions (1–10) after EcN_OMVs purification by Optiprep density gradient ultracentrifugation. Representative scanning electron micrograph (b) and transmission electron micrograph (c) of purified EcN_OMVs (indicated by red arrows). d Size distribution and concentration of these vesicles determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis. e Subcellular localizations of EcN_OMVs proteins identified by proteomic analysis. f Identified proteins according to Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG)