The Disappointing Gift: Dispositional and Situational Moderators of Emotional Expressions

摘要

Inferences about emotions in children are limited by studies that rely on only one research method. Convergence across methods provides a stronger basis for inference by identifying method variance. This multimethod study of 116 children (mean age = 8.21 years) examined emotional displays during social exchange. Each child received a desirable gift and later an undesirable gift after performing tasks, with or without mother present. Children’s reactions were observed and coded. Children displayed more positive affect with mother present than with mother absent. Independent ratings of children by adults revealed that children lower in Agreeableness displayed more negative emotion than their peers following receipt of undesirable gifts. A curvilinear interaction between Agreeableness and mother condition predicted negative affect displays. Emotional assessment was discussed in terms of links to social exchange and the development of expressive behavior.