Implementing evidence-based psychosocial or behavioral treatments for clients with substance use disorders (SUDs) presents significant challenges. In this article, we first identify the treatments for which there is some consensus that sufficient empirical support exists to designate them as “evidence-based,” and then briefly consider the nature of that evidence. Following that, we review data from a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration survey on the extent to which these evidence-based treatments (EBTs) are used in SUD treatment in the United States. The main focus of the article is a review of 21 studies attempting to implement EBTs from which we glean information on factors associated with more and less successful implementation. We conclude that more conceptually-driven, organizationally-focused (not just individual-provider-focused) approaches to implementation are needed and that, at least with some providers in some organizational contexts, it may be more effective to implement evidence-based practices or processes (EBPs) rather than EBTs.
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