Arrhythmias Electrophysiology and Optical Mapping: A technical review of optical mapping of intracellular calcium within myocardial tissue

摘要

Optical mapping of Ca²⁺-sensitive fluorescence probes has become an extremely useful approach and adopted by many cardiovascular research laboratories to study a spectrum of myocardial physiology and disease conditions. Optical mapping data are often displayed as detailed pseudocolor images, providing unique insight for interpreting mechanisms of ectopic activity, action potential and Ca²⁺ transient alternans, tachycardia, and fibrillation. Ca²⁺-sensitive fluorescent probes and optical mapping systems continue to evolve in the ongoing effort to improve therapies that ease the growing worldwide burden of cardiovascular disease. In this technical review we provide an updated overview of conventional approaches for optical mapping of Cai²⁺ within intact myocardium. In doing so, a brief history of Cai²⁺ probes is provided, and nonratiometric and ratiometric Ca²⁺ probes are discussed, including probes for imaging sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ and probes compatible with potentiometric dyes for dual optical mapping. Typical measurements derived from optical Cai²⁺ signals are explained, and the analytics used to compute them are presented. Last, recent studies using Cai²⁺ optical mapping to study arrhythmias, heart failure, and metabolic perturbations are summarized.