Background. There is evidence of the association between dietary energy density and chronic diseases. However, no report exists regarding the relation between DED and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective. To examine the association between dietary energy density (DED), renal function, and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. Three nephrology clinics. Subjects. Two hundred twenty-one subjects with diagnosed CKD. Main Outcome Measure. Dietary intake of patients was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. DED (in kcal/g) was calculated with the use of energy content and weight of solid foods and energy yielding beverages. Renal function was measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results. Patients in the first tertile of DED consumed more amounts of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, calcium, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin B2. After adjusting for confounders, we could not find any significant trend for BUN and Cr across tertiles of DED. In multivariate model, an increased risk of being in the higher stage of CKD was found among those in the last tertile of DED (OR: 3.15; 95% CI: 1.30, 7.63; P = 0.01). Conclusion. We observed that lower DED was associated with better nutrient intake and lower risk of CKD progression.
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机译:背景。有证据表明饮食能量密度与慢性疾病之间存在关联。但是,没有关于DED与慢性肾脏病(CKD)之间关系的报道。目的。检查饮食能量密度(DED),肾功能和慢性肾脏病(CKD)进展之间的关联。设计。横截面。设置。三个肾脏病诊所。主题。 212名确诊为CKD的受试者。主要结果指标。通过有效的食物频率问卷评估患者的饮食摄入量。 DED(以kcal / g为单位)是通过使用能量含量,固体食品和能量产生饮料的重量来计算的。肾功能通过血尿素氮(BUN),血清肌酐(Cr)和估计的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)进行测量。结果。在DED的第一个三分位数中的患者消耗了更多的碳水化合物,膳食纤维,钾,磷,锌,镁,钙,叶酸,维生素C和维生素B2。调整混杂因素后,我们发现DED的三分位数中BUN和Cr没有任何显着趋势。在多变量模型中,在DED的最后三分位数中发现处于CKD较高阶段的风险增加(或:3.15; 95%CI:1.30,7.63; P = 0.01)。结论。我们观察到较低的DED与较高的营养摄入量和较低的CKD进展风险相关。
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