Soil health is important of the sustainable development of paddy soil ecosystem. In this study, the relationship between soil quality and microbial properties, enzyme activities in reddish paddy soil (a Typic Haplic-Stagnic Anthrosis) was studied in order to illustrate the microbial properties as the indicators of soil health. Microbial parameters with different winter-planting green manure experimental plots were analyzed based on a 26-year of long-term experiment in the Key Field Monitoring Experimental Station for Red Soil Eco-environment of Ministry of Agriculture, Qiyang County of Hunan Province, China. Four treatments were established in 1982, I.e., rice-rice-winter fallow (R-R-WF), rice-rice-rape (R-R-RP), rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch (R-R-MV), rice-rice-ryegrass (R-R-RG). The results showed that the amounts of microbial population, microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), soil respiration, activities of urease, Inverstase and dehydrogenase increased and metabolic quotient (qCO2) decreased in long-term winter planting green manure incorporation treatments. The microbial characteristics in treatments with long-term winter planting green manure incorporation were significantly improved as compared with the winter fallow treatment; all these properties in treatment with winter planting Chinese milk vetch were most obvious. In the meantime, the amounts of microbial populations, SMBC, urease and dehydrogenase were positively correlated with TOC, TN, AN, SLK and AK; TOC, TN, AN, SLK, AK, bacterium, fungi, actinomycetes, urease, Inverstase and dehydrogenase were positively correlated with rice yield. Long-term winter planting green manure incorporation could significantly improve soil microbial properties and enzyme activities, which is an effective measure to improve soil health and soil fertility in the Typic Haplic-Stagnic Anthrosis.%以农业部衡阳红壤环境重点野外科学观测基地长期冬种绿肥稻田为平台,研究了双季稻种植区长期冬种绿肥下红壤性水稻士微生物特性及酶活性与土壤质量的关系,阐明了长期冬种绿肥翻压下土壤健康的微生物指标功能.研究分析了26年冬种不同绿肥的红壤性水稻土微生物学参数之间的差异及其提升土壤肥力的作用,结果表明,与冬季体闲处理相比,长期冬种绿肥翻压处理的微生物种群数量、微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物生物量氮(SMBN)、土壤呼吸、脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性都有所提高,代谢熵(qCO2)降低,以长期冬种紫云英翻压处理效果最明显.微生物种群数量、SMBC、脲酶、脱氢酶与土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、速效氮(AN)、缓效钾(SLK)和速效钾(AK)呈显著或极显著相关；TOC,TN,AN,SLK,AK,微生物种群数量,脲酶、转化酶、脱氢酶活性与水稻产量呈显著正相关关系.长期冬种绿肥翻压能明显地改善红壤性水稻土的微生物特性与酶活性,提高土壤肥力.
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