新时期提升我国耕地保护实效的思考

摘要

耕地保护是实现我国社会经济可持续发展的一项基本国策.基于《关于加强耕地保护和改进占补平衡的意见》(中发〔2017〕4号),系统梳理改革开放以来我国耕地保护政策及其实施效果,结合新时期耕地保护策略,诊断制约耕地保护实效的主要问题,探讨提升耕地保护实效的对策,对于切实落实耕地保护基本国策具有积极意义.尽管我国制定了一系列具有中国特色的耕地保护制度,耕地保护的实效并不乐观.我国新时期耕地保护策略明确了构建具有中国特色的耕地保护社会机制的改革方向和回归了耕地占补平衡的产能本质.但存在有耕地保护社会氛围尚未真正形成、建设占用耕地粗放利用现象依然存在、土地整治对耕地的提质改造功能未充分发挥、农户耕地保护积极性尚未充分调动、土壤污染现象较为突出等主要问题.因此,为落实《意见》、切实提升耕地保护效果,针对当前存在的问题,提出树立科学的耕地保护理念,构建全国层面的耕地保护社会共同责任机制;开展建设用地供给侧改革,减少建设对耕地的占用;推行生态化土地整治,提升土地整治的耕地提质效果;充分调动农户的耕地保护积极性,培育耕地保护的行为主体;加强土壤健康建设,强化耕地产能之本等对策建议.%Farmland protection is the basic national policy to realize the sustainable development of society and economy in China. Improving farmland protection effectiveness has positive significances for the implementation of the basic national policy of farmland protection according to the strategy of farmland protection in the new era based on"the opinions on strengthening farmland protection and improving the balance between occupation and compensation of farmland" (Central Document No. 4 in 2017). Although a series of farmland protection policies have been formulated, the farmland protection effectiveness was not optimistic. The strategy of farmland protection in the new era is to construct the social mechanism of farmland protection and the return of the productive capacity balance of farmland requisition-compensation. By examining the main problems restricting farmland protection effects, this paper found that the social atmosphere of farmland protection has not really been formed, the extensive use of occupied farmland still exists, land reclamation has not fully played the role of land upgrading and transformation, farmers' enthusiasm for farmland protection has not yet been fully mobilized, and soil pollution phenomenon was more prominent. To improve farmland protection effectiveness, this paper provides some countermeasures and suggestions as follows: to establish a nationwide social responsibility mechanism for farmland protection, to reform the construction land supply policy and reduce the occupied farmland construction, to implement ecological land consolidation and improve the quality of farmland, to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers to farmland protection and farmland protection behaviors, and to strengthen the construction of soil health.