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农业现代化研究

农业现代化研究

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Research of Agricultural Modernization
本刊是由中国科学院主管，中国科学院农业研究委员会和中科院长沙农业现代化研究所主办、科学出版社出版的农业综合性科技期刊。主要探索和研究具有中国特色的农业现代化理论和农业现代化进程中的有关科学技术、经济、生态、社会各方面及其协调发展问题，反映最新农业科研成果，促进国内外学术交流与合作，促进我国农业持续发展，为农业现代化建设服务。
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  • 主管单位：中国科学院
    主办单位：中国科学院农业研究委员会 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所
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农业现代化研究 >2024年第4期
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  • 摘要：In orderto study slow -release coated cysteam ine on growth perform ance ofgrow ing-finishing pigs and carcass quality,select"Du Chang Da" 120 crossbred pigs were random ly divided into three groups com parison test,exam ine its perform ance, blood physicochem ical slaughter perform ance indicators and targets. The results show that: the experim entalgroup grow ing season,fulloffattening period and average daily gain were increased by 7.34% ,5.09% and 6.32% ;feed conversion ratio were decreased by 4.93% ,3.19% and 4.40% ;average daily feed intake were im proved 2.20% ,1.61% and 1.90% ,butthe difference w as notsignificant.Hip and leg percentage ofthe testgroup,loin eye area and lean meatrate increased by 9.25% ,11.69% and 6.27% ;backfatthickness decreased 13.74% .Testgroup serum GH , T3 levels were increased by 18.68% ,20.63% ,while no significanteffecton the INS and T4.Itshow ed thatdiets after slow -release coated cysteam ine, may by increasing the level of serum GH , T3 and other horm ones, im prove growth perform ance and carcassquality ofgrow ing-finishing pigs.%为了研究缓释包膜半胱胺对生长肥育猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响，选择“杜×大×长”三元杂交猪120头，随机分为3组进行对比试验，考察其生产性能、血液理化指标和屠宰性能指标。结果表明：试验组生长期、肥育期及全期平均日增重分别提高了7.34%、5.09%和6.32%；料重比分别降低了4.93%、3.19%和4.40%；平均日采食量分别提高了2.20%、1.61%和1.90%，但差异不显著。试验组的臀腿比例、眼肌面积和瘦肉率分别提高了9.25%、11.69%和6.27%；背膘厚降低了13.74%。试验组血清中 GH、T3的含量分别提高了18.68%、20.63%，而对 INS 和 T4无显著影响。表明日粮中添加缓释包膜半胱胺后，可能通过提高血清中GH、T3等激素的水平，改善生长肥育猪的生长性能和胴体品质。
  • 摘要：畜牧养殖污染已成为农村面源污染的主要来源。如何通过改进废弃物处理方法和管理方式来改善养殖场的环境经济效益已成为养殖企业和环境管理部门所关注的重大现实问题。本文以一个规模化生猪养殖场为例，构建了一个整合的生态经济模型，模拟分析如何通过畜牧废弃物处理利用模式的选择和管理方式的优化，来改善养殖场及周边的环境经济效益。模拟结果显示，开展农牧结合，将粪肥适度还田并扩大还田面积，同时采用综合化的废弃物处理和资源化利用方式，将能够改善养殖场的整体经济效益和环境效益。然而，养殖场缺乏足够的经济激励进行废弃物处理和利用。因而，这需要政府相关部门运用综合的技术支持和经济扶持政策，来推动畜牧养殖生产的可持续性和环境友好型发展。%Livestock farm ing pollution isthe m ain source ofnon-pointsource pollution in ruralarea ofC hina.In practice, it’s im portantto determ ine the technicaloptim ization to am eliorate w aste treatm entm ethods to im prove the econom ic and ecologicaleffects ofthe livestock production.The authors developed an integrated“ecological--econom ic”m odelto sim ulate the im pactofw aste m anagem entim provem ents on econom ic and environm entalbenefits forthe case ofa pilot pig farm . The sim ulation results revealed that the econom ic-environm ental benefits of the livestock farm w ould be im proved by reasonable returning the m anure applied in cropland and using integrated w aste treatm ent technologies. H ow ever, the lack of sufficient econom ic incentive posed difficulty in w aste disposal and utilization for intensive livestock farm s.Itim plies thattechnologicaland econom ic supportpolicies should be im plem ented com prehensively on w aste m anagem entto prom ote sustainable developm entofintensive livestock production in C hina.
  • 摘要：为将 AquaCrop 模型应用于华北平原夏玉米水分研究中，于2011-2012年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站进行了夏玉米水分处理试验，在参数率定与模型验证的基础上对华北平原水量平衡及水分利用效率的现状进行了分析。结果表明， AquaCrop 模型能够较好地模拟夏玉米的产量、生物量、冠层发育过程以及表层土壤水储量的动态变化。从生物量角度来看，夏玉米的水分利用效率在8月中旬达到最大，可达10 kg/m3左右，其整个生长季水分利用效率为4.9-5.8 kg/m3；从产量角度来看，水分利用效率为2.3-3.0 kg/m3，且在整个生长季土壤水储量呈增加趋势。研究阐明了 AquaCrop 模型在华北平原地区有较好的适用性，可以应用于夏玉米耗水与水分利用效率方面的研究。%To evaluate the applicability ofthe A quaC rop m odelforthe w aterconsum ption ofsum m erm aize in the N orth C hina Plain (NCP),a field experim entw asconducted in 2011-2012 in Luancheng A griculturalEcosystem Experim ental Station of the C hinese A cadem y of Sciences.A fter the param eter calibration and the m odelvalidation,the m odelw as then applied to analyze the w ater balance and w ater use efficiency of the sum m er m aize cropping system in NCP.O ur sim ulation results show thatthe A quaC rop m odelw as capable ofsim ulating the yield,biom ass,canopy developm entand surface soilw atercontentofsuch a cropping system .The biom ass-scaled w ateruse efficiency w as estim ated as 4.9-5.8 kg/m 3 during the grow ing season, and reached a peak of 10 kg/m 3 in m id-A ugust, w hile the yield-scaled w ater use efficiency ranged from 2.3 to 3.0 kg/m 3. B esides, the soil w ater content increased during the w hole grow ing season. O verall,the A quaC rop m odelperform ed w ellto sim ulate the developm entofa sum m erm aize cropping system ,and can be applied to evaluate the w aterconsum ption and w ateruse efficiency in NCP.
  • 摘要：Follow ing the guidelines of N ational G reenhouse G as Inventories, this study calculated the total carbon em issions of H ubei Province from 2001 to 2010 and analyzed the structure of carbon em issions from the aspects of industries,sources and land carrying capacity.In addition,this article exam ined historicalchanges of carbon em issions and its relationship w ith econom ic grow th.The results show thatthe secondary industry contributed the m ostto carbon em ission how ever had very low output efficiency. The tertiary industry had a higher carbon em issions efficiency. Furtherm ore,carbon em ission from energy consum ption w asm ore than 90% ,m uch higherthan the reference value given by IPC C .U rban residentialand industrialland,w hose carbon intensity is 229.92 t/hm 2,resulted in 74.98% of the total carbon em issions.C arbon em ission of H ubeiProvince rose from 3705.66×104 tto 7740.47×104 tin a 10-year tim e period,w ith an annualincrease rate of9.65% .The grow th rate ofenergy carbon em issionsfrom energy consum ption w as higherthan the grow th rate oftotalcarbon em issions and consequently had been the m ain driving force.In the sam e tim e period,livestock carbon em issions had been reduced by 7.78% .In the resultofdecoupling analysis,the m ain decoupling status betw een carbon em issions and econom ic grow th in H ubei Province are w eak decoupling and expansion connection.M oreover,decoupling state transfers from w eak decoupled to expanding connection after2009.This show s thatthe quality ofeconom ic developm enthad decreased in recentyears.Therefore,industries in H ubeiProvince should take the opportunity of econom ic grow th type transform ation to im prove the utilization efficiency of carbon em issions. The H ubeiprovincialadm inistration should strengthen the land use controland consequently prom ote green grow th.%参考国家温室气体清单指南的方法，从产业、来源、土地承载三个方面分析湖北省2001-2010年碳排放结构，测算其碳排放总量，探讨碳排放的时序特征与经济增长的关系。结果表明，湖北省第二产业碳排放较高，且产出效率低，第三产业单位碳排放效益最高；能源消费碳排放占总量的90%以上，占比远高于 IPCC 给出的参考值；城镇居民点及工矿用地碳排放占总量的74.98%，碳排放强度为229.92 t/hm2。十年间湖北省碳排放量由3705.66万 t增长到7740.47万 t，年平均增加9.65%。能源消费增长率高于碳排放增长率，是碳排放增加的主要动力，畜牧业碳排放减少7.78%。湖北省碳排放与经济增长脱钩状态以弱脱钩和扩张连接为主，2009年后出现由弱脱钩向扩张连接的状态转移，近些年经济发展质量有所下降。因此，湖北省应以经济转型升级为契机，提高碳排放利用效率，改进农业生产方式，加强土地用途管制，促进经济绿色增长。
  • 摘要：Evaluating the suitability of reserved coastalmudflatfor land developmentprovides a scientific basis for its exploitation and utilization.The evaluation systems ofthe reserved coastalmudflatwere established formthree aspects:physical suitability, ecological suitability and economic suitability. The evaluation systemintegrated D elphi method, criticalconditions method,and comprehensive index method through stepwise correction to determine the suitability of development level. The study area was in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province. U sing the spatial analysis function in Arc GIS, area and spatial distribution of reserved coastal mudflat for land development suitability under different conditions were determined and the economic viability ofreserved coastalmudflatfor land developmentwas explored. The results indicated that the areas of high and moderate suitability based on natural conditions were 67395.01 and 50896.04 hm2 respectively.Furtherconsidering the ecologicalsuitability,the areas ofhigh and moderate suitability were 30327.75 and 40137.91 hm2 respectively (51.06% ofthe reserved coastalmudflat).Lastly,when the economic feasibility factors were taken into account,allthe reserved coastalmudflatcould be developed.This study can be a reference for policy making regarding the developmentand planning ofreserved coastalmudflat.%从自然适宜性、生态适宜性和经济可行性角度构建了沿海滩涂耕地后备资源开发适宜性综合评价体系，综合运用了专家打分法、极限条件法和综合指数法等方法及 ArcGIS 的空间分析功能，采用逐级修正法确定适宜性开发等级。以江苏省盐城市为例，将自然、生态适宜性评价结果进行叠加计算，得到沿海滩涂耕地后备资源适宜开发的面积和空间分布状况，并从经济适宜性方面探讨了沿海滩涂耕地后备资源开发的经济可行性。研究结果表明，盐城市自然高度适宜性开发的滩涂面积为67395.01 hm2，中度适宜开发的面积为50896.04 hm2；考虑生态适宜性评价结果后，高度适宜开发的滩涂面积为30327.75 hm2，中度适宜开发的面积为40137.92 hm2，二者占未利用滩涂的51.06%；盐城市沿海滩涂耕地后备资源开发在经济上全部适宜，且开发经济价值很大。本研究可为沿海地区制定沿海滩涂耕地后备资源开发规划提供科学的参考依据。
  • 摘要：The plantsecondary metabolite reflects the response ofplants to the environment,and thus itcan be used as the bio-indicator of environmental quality. The relationship between the total phenol concentrations of the common greening trees L.lucidumand L.quihoui and atmospheric pollution was studied.The totalphenolconcentration ofL. lucidumvaried from10.82 to 45.36 mg/g, while the concentration value range of L.quihoui was 24.14-95.89 mg/g. There wasa significantdifference (P <0.05)between the totalphenolconcentrationsofthose two species.A tthe different sampling sites with different atmospheric environments,the total phenol concentrations of two trees also showed significant differences. There was a significant, negative correlation between the total phenol concentrations of L. lucidumand the atmospheric SO 2 concentrations (P <0.05),whereas no significant associations were found between concentrations oftotalphenoland otherpollutants.W hen trees are exposed to the naturalenvironmentalconditions,the totalphenolcontentsin treesalwaysincrease in response to the combined airpollution,notto the pollution caused by the individualpollutants.%植物次生代谢产物反映了植物对环境的响应，可以作为环境变化的指示物。针对西安不同大气环境条件，研究了常见绿化植物大叶女贞（Ligustrum lucidum）和小叶女贞（Ligustrum quihoui）叶内总酚含量与空气污染物之间的关系。结果表明，大叶女贞的总酚含量变化为10.82-45.36 mg/g，小叶女贞为24.14-95.89 mg/g，物种之间具有显著的差异，同时具有显著的线性相关性；不同大气环境的采样点之间也具有显著的差异。大叶女贞中总酚含量与SO2浓度之间达到5%的负相关，其余污染因子与总酚含量之间的关系均不显著。植物暴露于自然复合污染的环境条件下，总酚含量的升高是对复合污染的响应，与单个污染物之间的关系相对较弱。
  • 摘要：根据桂西北喀斯特地区7个国家气象站1951-2011年逐月气象资料，采用 Penman-Monteith 公式计算逐月参考腾发量（ET0），分析各气象因子及 ET0的年际变化特征，并计算 ET0对太阳净辐射、气温、风速和相对湿度的敏感系数，探讨 ET0近60年的变化成因。结果表明：桂西北地区气温呈小幅升高趋势，温度增长量变化范围为0.004-0.186℃/10a，60年平均气温上升范围为0.024-1.116℃；日照时数、风速及相对湿度呈极显著减少趋势，降雨量减少趋势不显著。敏感性分析表明，桂西北地区 ET0最敏感的气象因素为相对湿度，其次为太阳净辐射和气温，风速对其影响最小；气温和太阳辐射的敏感系数呈单峰型分布，夏季较大，风速敏感系数呈单谷型分布，夏季较小，相对湿度敏感系数在雨季较小；桂西北地区日照时数和风速的减少对 ET0的负贡献率分别为-3.49%和-1.51%，气温的升高和相对湿度的减少对 ET0的正贡献率分别为1.36%和3.36%，负贡献大于正贡献，导致 ET0下降。研究阐明了日照时数和风速的减少是引起桂西北 ET0变化的主要原因。%Based on climatic data of 7 meteorologicalstations in karstareas of northwestG uangxifrom1951 to 2011, Penman-M onteith equation was used to estimate monthly potentialevaporation (ET0).Temporaland spatialvariationsof climatic variables and ET0 were then analyzed using statisticalanalysis. C ontribution rate analysis was used to analyze the influence factorsofET0. The resultsshowed thatthere wasa warming trend in thisregion. Regionaltemperature had increased about0.024-1.116℃ in the last60 years.The annualmean temperature had increase 0.004-0.186℃/10a.In contrast,there were decrease trends forannualmean precipitation,wind speed,sunshine duration and relative humidity. Furthermore,relative humidity,netshortwave radiation and airtemperature were the mostsensitive factors.Seasonally, the highestsensitivity coefficients to air temperature and sunshine hours and the lowestsensitivity coefficients to wind speed are both in the summer.The absolute sensitivity coefficients to relative humidity are lowin rainy season. The sunshine duration and wind speed impacted ET0 negatively trend and relative humidity and temperature impact ET0 positively.H owever,largercontribution fromsunshine duration and wind speed cause ET0 to decline.C onsequently,the change ofET0 wasprimarily attributed to the significantdecrease in sunshine duration and wind speed.
  • 摘要：农业温室气体排放量逐渐增多，日益受到各国重视。低碳经济是倡导低能耗、低污染、低排放的经济模式，农业作为国民经济的基础产业，兼具碳源和碳汇功能，平衡农业生产碳源排放和碳汇量可以促进农业协调发展和可持续发展。基于低碳经济下区域农业协调发展的运行机理，运用 BP 神经网络方法构建低碳经济下区域农业协调发展评价模型，并采用我国区域农业面板数据为例进行实证研究。研究表明，低碳经济视角下区域农业经济发展水平与资源环境协调水平呈反向变化，我国经济发展较好的区域，资源环境协调度较差，而资源环境禀赋优良区域的经济发展较慢，社会协调度间差异较小。从创新农业技术减少碳源，合理布局农业生产增加碳汇，推动农业碳排放权交易增加农民收入等方面可提高低碳经济下区域农业协调发展的程度。%There is a growing world wide concern on the increasing agriculturalgreenhouse gas emission.In response, low-carbon economy is promoted as the mode of lowenergy consumption, low pollution and low emission. As the foundation ofnationaleconomy,agriculture both emits and absorbs carbon.To balance their volume is importantfor a coordinated and sustainable development in agriculture. This paper presents the mechanismof regional agricultural coordination in a framework of low-carbon economy.We develop an evaluation model based on BP neural network method and conductempiricalstudy with paneldata in China.Studies showa negative relationship between the levelof agriculturaldevelopmentand resource and environmental coordination.The better the regionaleconomy develops,the poorerresource and environment coordination is.In comparison,the better resource and environmental coordination is, the slowerregionaleconomy develops.To improve regionalagriculture coordination in the framework ofa low-carbon economy, we need to apply innovative technology to reduce carbon emission, adopt a more rational distribution of agricultural production to increase carbon absorption, and promote agricultural carbon emission trading to increase peasants’income.
  • 摘要：通过分析土地资源空间异质性的形成与内涵，采用变异系数法和综合评价法综合测度城市圈土地资源空间异质性并重点探讨异质性与经济发展的关系。结果表明：城市圈土地资源空间异质性主要表现在土地资源质量和数量差异上，资源禀赋异质和结构异质较小，其中土地经济质量异质性最大，土地多样化异质性最小。城市圈土地资源空间异质性指数区间为[0.226,0.590]，可分为高异质区、中高异质区、异质区、中低异质区、低异质区5个梯度区，各梯度区内县（市）单元数量和面积差异显著，总体呈现“中心高、边缘低”的分布特征。城市圈土地资源空间异质性与经济发展水平有着高度关联性，呈现出“高异质-高水平、低异质-低水平”特征。地均固定资产投资额、人均GDP 和城市化率对城市圈土地资源空间异质性具有正效应，二三产业比重具有负效应，优化产业结构与布局可以降低空间异质性。%The paper built a land resources spatial heterogeneity evaluation model to measure the degree of spatial heterogeneity forland resources of Wuhan Urban Ag glomeration (WUA).Thismodelwascomprised of 12 indicators of land resources (quantity, quality, structure, endowment etc.). Methods of variation coefficient and comprehensive evaluation were employed to calculate weights and heterogeneity index.The relationship between spatialheterogeneity and levelsofeconomic developmentwasexplored aswell. The resultsindicate thatthe variations ofquality and quantity of land resources were the most important factors of spatialheterogeneity.In addition,the heterogeneities of resource endowmentand structure were smaller.R egarding to heterogeneous indicators,economic heterogeneity of land resource was the largest and the heterogeneity of land resource diversification was the smallest. The interval of spatial heterogeneity of land resources in WUAranges from0.226 to 0.590. WUAwas divided into five areas by the heterogeneity index and the heterogeneity index presents a gradient change in various units. In general, the spatial characteristic of agglomeration was “higherin center,lowerin edge”.There was a strong positive correlation between spatialheterogeneity of land resources and the levelof economic development in WUA.Factors including fixed-asset investmentperkm2,GDP Percapita and urbanization rate had positive impacts on land resources spatialheterogeneity in WUA.In contrast,factors including the proportion of secondary and tertiary industrieshad a negative impact.Optimizing the industrial structure and layoutcan reduce spatial heterogeneity.
  • 摘要：By using the 10-day SPOT-V EGETATION NDVI data during the period of 2000-2011,this study applied a numberofstatistics methods,such as MVC ,standard deviation,linear trend analysis and HURST index,to analyze the quantitative characteristics of the spatio-temporalchanges of the vegetation coverage and its future trends in the Beibu G ulfEconomic Zone.The results indicated thatthe annualNDVIindex increased with time and with fluctuations in the study area from2000 to 2011, of which the regional NDVI increasing rate was larger than the average value in the G uangxiZhuang Autonomous Region.The temporalvariation ofNDVIshowed an obvious turning pointin 2006,before when a decreasing trend existed and vice versa.The spatialdistribution ofvegetation coverage showed a trend with lowvalues in the northwestand the southwestand with high values in the southeast.The zonaldistribution pattern ofNDVI showed high NDVIin the north and lowNDVIin the south,while the lineartrend rate in the meridionaldistribution was relatively small,only 0.5952 perone degree.The variation amplitude ofthe NDVIstandard deviations was large,and its spatial distribution pattern presented that the minor fluctuations mainly distributed in the two extremes of the mean NDVI;the minor and major fluctuations coexisted;and the major fluctuations were very scattered.The H urstindex of NDVIforthe region showed a dominanttrend ofthe sustained sequence (89.97% ),indicating thatthe overallvegetation coverage willsustainably keep improving in the future.%以2000-2011年423景 SPOT-VEGETATION 逐旬 NDVI 数据为基础，采用 MVC、标准差、线性趋势分析和HURST 指数等数理统计方法对北部湾经济区植被覆被时空变化特征及未来趋势进行定量分析。结果表明，2000-2011年北部湾经济区 NDVI 值呈波动上升趋势，快于广西区年 NDVI 平均增长速率。NDVI 均值存在着明显的分段特征，且转折点出现在2006年，2006年以前研究区植被覆盖呈现下降趋势，2006年以后呈现显著增加趋势。NDVI均值在空间上呈现出西北和西南植被覆被低、东南植被覆被高的态势，NDVI 均值纬向分布呈现出北高南低，经向分布线性倾向率比较小，仅为0.5952/1N°。NDVI 标准差的变幅较大，表现为波动小主要分布在 NDVI 均值的两个极端，波动较小与波动较大并存，波动较大分布比较零散的空间格局。NDVI 的 Hurst 指数反持续（10.03%）<持续性序列（89.97%），说明经济区植被的变化趋势处于持续性改善的趋势。
  • 摘要：Four types of forest soils derived fromvarious parent materials (red soils derived fromgranite, slate and quaternary red clay,purple soil)were sampled in eastern hilly region of Hunan Province.The purpose was to study the distributions ofparticulate organic carbon (POC)and its components ofcoarse particulate organic carbon (CPOC)and fine particulate organic carbon (FPOC)in different horizons ofsoilprofile,and to analysis the relationships of POC and its components with soilorganic carbon (SOC)and soiltexture.The results showed thatthe POCstorage ranged from2.63 t/hm2 to 11.59 t/hm2 in the soilprofile,and was higherforred soils derived fromgranite and slate and lowerforred soilderived fromquaternary red clay and forpurple soil.The proportion ofPOCto SOC(POC/SOC)varied from1.5% to 13.9% ,and wasincreased with increasing soildepth forred soils derived fromgranite whereas decreased with increasing soildepth forred soils derived fromslate and quaternary red clay.Forpurple soil,POC/SOCpeaked at40-60 cmdepth and then decreased rapidly.Forred soils derived fromgranite and purple,considerable amounts and high proportions of POCwere preserved in deep soillayers beneath 40 cmdepth.However,POCstorage was smalland its proportion was relatively high in the surface soilforred soilderived fromquaternary red clay.The componentdistribution of POC also varied for differentsoils.G enerally,POCwas dominated by CPOC for red soilderived fromgranite and by FPOC for purple soil,butthe distributions of CPOC and FPOC were similarforred soilsderived fromquaternary red clay and slate. The content of FPOC could representthe changes of SOC content.The soiltexture and SOC storage were considered to be majorcontrolsforthe variation of POC and its components across different soiltypes.The labile SOCfractions stored in deep soilhorizons(>40 cm)should also be considered during the soilutilization.%选取湘东丘陵区4种典型母质发育的林地土壤（花岗岩红壤、板岩红壤、第四纪红土红壤、酸性紫色土），分层次采集土壤剖面样品，采用物理分组方法，研究深层土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）及其组分（粗颗粒有机碳 CPOC、细颗粒有机碳 FPOC）的数量分布和分配比例，探讨 POC 及其组分与土壤有机碳、质地的关系。结果表明，4种土壤剖面POC 储量介于2.63-11.59 t/hm2，以花岗岩红壤最高，其次为板岩红壤，第四纪红土红壤和酸性紫色土相对最低。4种土壤 POC 占 SOC 的比例（POC/SOC）介于1.5%-13.9%，花岗岩红壤 POC/SOC 随剖面加深而升高，板岩红壤和第四纪红土红壤则降低，紫色土 POC/SOC 在40-60 cm 土层达到最大值后迅速降低。在40 cm 以下的深层土壤中，花岗岩红壤和紫色土保存有数量可观、比例更高的 POC。第四纪红土红壤 POC 储量相对较少、POC/SOC 也在表土层较高。花岗岩红壤 POC 中以 CPOC 为主，而紫色土以 FPOC 为主，板岩红壤和第四纪红土红壤中 CPOC 和 FPOC 比例接近。所选4种土壤 POC 组分中，FPOC 数量更能代表 SOC 数量的变化。SOC 储量和质地是影响不同母质土壤POC 及其组分分配差异的重要因素，在林地开发利用中也应重视深层土壤（>40 cm）中储藏的活性碳组分。
  • 摘要：To solve the problems that the existing cereal yield monitor method can’t be directly applied to estimate peanutyield and thatthe foreign peanutyield monitordevice can’tbe directly installed and used in the domestic peanut harvesting machinery,a localcontrolsystemforpeanutyield monitorwasdesigned forthe C hinese 4H B L-2 seriespeanut combine harvesters.A newmechanicalstructure forpeanutyield monitorwas proposed,and consequently the hardware and software forsuch a peanutyield monitorsystemwere designed.The designed systemcan automatically monitorthe peanut yield, store the monitor information, position by GPS and manage the information by internet network. Meanwhile,the designed systemhas a numberofadvantages,including the compactsize,the convenientinstallation and the strong disturbance rejection.The designed systemcan be directly installed in the 4H B L-2 series peanut combine harvesters,and also can be deployed in otherpeanutcombine harvesterswith necessary modifications.%为了解决现有的谷物测产方法无法直接应用于花生收获过程中的实时测产，以及国外的测产装置无法直接应用于国内的花生收获机械的问题，研发了一种安装于我国自主研制的4HBL-2型系列花生联合收获机的花生收获实时测产控制系统，提出了一种新的测产机械结构，并进行了测产系统的软、硬件开发。该系统能够实现花生产量的自动测量、测产信息的存储、GPS 定位和远程信息管理等功能。所研发的测产系统具有体积小、安装方便，抗干扰性强的特点。可直接安装于我国自主研制的4HBL-2型系列花生联合收获机上进行花生的实时测产，也可经改造后安装用于其它的花生联合收获机上。
  • 摘要：Using grain production paneldata in 30 provincesin China from 2001 to 2010,this paperadopts a DEA -based Malm quistproductivity index method to measure and decom pose grain TFP (Total Factor Productivity)grow th index of the nation’sm ain grain production areas,main grain salesareas,and balancing areas.Thispaperalso analyzesthe spatial and tem poraldisparities and the underlying mechanism of dynamic TFP index.On this basis,it continues to explore TFP and its decom position value - exogenous influencing factor of technicalefficiency index and technicalprogress index. Ourresults show thatthe TFP index of main production areas have realized an average annualincrease of 0.28% within 10 years,which has benefited from technicalim provem entand efficiency enhancem ent.However,main sales areas have suffered from a duel loss in the technical progress and technical efficiency. As a result, TFP has an average annual decrease of 0.35% . TFP in balancing areas also has an average decrease of 0.69% , influenced by deterioration of technicalprogress.We also find that the implem entation of the centralgovernment’s favorable policies to farmers has significant influence on improving grain TFP level in m ain production areas.However,these policies have a lagging influence on main salesareasand balancing areas.In addition,percapitalgrain production scale and mechanization level have negative influence on TFP grow th in main grain production area,butpositive influence on TFP in main grain sales areas.As for the grain production-sales balancing areas,expansion of the percapita production scale can improve the technicalefficiency,buthas a reverse inhibiting impacton TFP and technicalprogress.Finally,based on the research results,thispaperproposesm easuresand suggestionsto improve grain productivity more effectively.%采用2001-2010年选取的我国30个省份有关粮食生产的面板数据，运用基于 DEA-Malmquist 生产率指数方法，对我国粮食主产区、主销区和平衡区的粮食全要素生产率增长指数进行了测算和分解，并分析了动态全要素生产率指数的时空差异及变化源泉，在此基础上，探索了全要素生产率指数及其分解值-技术效率指数、技术进步指数的外生影响因素。研究结果表明：主产区全要素生产率指数10年内平均增长0.28%，得益于技术效率的提高和技术进步，主销区呈现出粮食生产技术进步与技术效率损失并存，“双轨损失”导致全要素生产率指数平均下降0.35%，平衡区受技术进步的恶化影响导致全要素生产率指数平均下降0.69%；中央惠农政策的实施对提高主产区的粮食全要素生产率水平有显著作用，而对主销区和平衡区的影响具有一定滞后性；人均粮食生产规模和种粮机械化水平对粮食主产区的全要素生产率均有负向影响，而对粮食主销区的全要素生产率都为正向影响。对于粮食产销平衡区，人均粮食规模的扩大能够改善技术效率，但对全要素生产率和技术进步有反向抑制作用。最后，提出了有效提高粮食生产率的对策建议。
  • 摘要：都市农业生态服务功能在都市与区域农业互动耦合过程中形成特有的时空变化特征，并影响城乡区域可持续发展。基于30 m×30 m 的栅格尺度研究了西安都市圈都市农业生态服务功能的时空分异特征。结果表明，2005-2011年西安都市圈都市农业功能价值总量及密度均呈现从都市圈边缘区向核心区逐渐递减的空间格局。在此期间，功能值密度高值区域分布较稳定，中值区域趋于零散化，低值区域面积收缩明显、破碎化程度逐渐加剧，并且都市农业生态服务功能动态变化具有显著的空间差异性。都市农业生态服务功能地域分异特征及其空间演化格局是区域人口增长、城市化与经济发展、产业结构调整、技术革新等多因素综合作用的结果。%The ecologicalservice ofurban agriculture developed a special spatial-tem poralpattern during the process of interactive coupling betw een the city and its regionalagriculture.The variations have a large im pacton the sustainable developm entboth in the urban and ruralareas.U sing A rcG IS-based grid (30 m × 30 m )analysis m ethod,w e studied the characteristicsofspatial-tem poralvariationsin eco-service functionsofurban agriculture in X i'an m etropolitan zone.The results show ed that,from the fringe of the m etropolitan to its core area ,the total value and the density of the urban agriculture eco-service presented a decreasing pattern varying from 2005 to 2011.The dynam ic change of eco-service function had a clear spatialpattern.Location of high eco-service density values w as relatively stable. A reas of m edian eco-service value had declined and scattered,low eco-service value areas had severely shrunk and fragm ented.Factors contributing to the form ation of the spatial pattern include the regional population increase, urbanization, econom ic developm ent,industrialrestructuring and technicalim provem ent.
  • 摘要：Based on an analysis of the production of main oilcrops and the currentdemand for edible vegetable oilin Gangu Province in China,this paper forecasts the balance between supply and demand in the future and discusses the development of main oilcrops in the study area.D ata showthatthe totaloutputof oilcrops has presented a sustained growth in the pastthirty years.The totalyield ofoilseed crops,the production,and consumption ofedible vegetable oil were 635,200,221,700,and 246,600 tons respectively in 2011.O verall,the production of edible vegetable oilmetthe consumption demand before the year2011.H owever,ouranalysis ofsupply and demand shows a growing gap between the two in the coming years in Gansu province,and the ratio of the gap may remain athigher than 10% .This paper clarifies the restrictive factors on the production of edible vegetable oil in Gansu Province as follows: lack of policy support,smallscale of production,lowlevelof mechanization,underdeveloped manufacturing process,and lowadded profit. To address these issues, we suggest the following measures, including a continued effort to strengthen the implementation of government subsidies; to improve the construction of infrastructure, and promote scientific and technological innovation ability. We also propose a more reasonable regional distribution, an accelerated growth of leading manufactures to ensure production abilities and develop specialty commodities.Finally,we suggestestablishing and improving a safety warning and emergency response system.%通过分析甘肃省主要油料作物生产和食用植物油供需现状，预测了未来供需平衡，探讨甘肃省油料作物的发展趋势。30多年来甘肃省油料总产量呈持续增长态势，2011年油料总产量、食用植物油产量、食用植物油消费总量分别为63.52万 t、22.17万 t、24.66万 t，2011年前食用植物油生产量和消费需求量基本平衡。基于供给和需求分析表明，甘肃省今后一段时期内食用植物油供需缺口量不断增大，缺口比重保持在10%以上。阐明了甘肃省食用植物油生产发展存在油料生产扶持政策不足；油料作物种类多规模小、机械化程度低；加工业滞后、附加效益低等制约因素。提出了继续加强各种补贴项目的落实；切实加强基础条件建设，提升科技创新能力；合理进行区域布局；加快培育产业化龙头企业，保证加工能力；发挥特色，做强特色产品；建立和完善油料安全预警系统及应急机制等对策和建议。
  • 摘要：In this paper,the composite materials with bentonite and mushroomdreg,eryngiiand volvaria volvacea,were mixed according to the ratios of1∶1.0(T1),1∶1.5(T2),1∶2.0(T3),and 1∶2.5(T4) respectively.The mixture were used as the substrate forcabbage and chilicultivation.Sandy soils and loamwere used as controls.Results were showed thatseed germination rate ofcelery cabbage using mixed substrate is significantly higherthan those using the loamand sandy soils.The seed germination rates ofT1,T2,T3 and T4 were 95% ,90% ,92% and 90% respectively.However,the composite materials impacted the early growth ofcabbage due to the reason thathave strong adsorption effectto nutrient ion.They release the nutrientsslowly atearly stage and therefore influence cabbage growth.Consequently,the composite materials are notgood substrates forvegetables with shortgrowth period like cabbage.On the otherhand,the substrates can improve the growth ofchiliand increase its yield and biomass.Chiliproduction,comparing with those fromsandy soiland loamcultivation,increased by more than 75.83% and 5.91% respectively.The results indicate thatthe composite materials could be a good substitute for the cultivation of relatively long growth period vegetables. Furthermore, bentonite-mushroomswaste massratio of1∶2-1∶2.5 are better.%采用膨润土与杏鲍菇、草菇等菌废料按照1∶1.0（T1）、1∶1.5（T2）、1∶2.0（T3）、1∶2.5（T4）配比混合的基质栽培白菜和辣椒，以砂土和壤土做对照，探讨混合基质栽培对蔬菜生长的影响。结果表明，用混合基质栽培白菜，种子萌发率明显高于砂土和壤土，T1、T2、T3和 T4处理种子萌发率分别为95%、90%、92%和90%，以 T1处理种子萌发率最高。但膨润土-菌废料制成的基质对养分离子有强吸附作用，在初期释放养分缓慢，植物前期生长受到影响，对于白菜这种生长期短的作物，应用效果不佳。该栽培基质用于栽培辣椒，能够有效促进辣椒营养生长，增加辣椒产量和生物量，产量较砂土提高75.83%-191.09%，较壤土提高5.91%-75.34%，T3、T4处理产量和生物量较 T1、T2更高，但彼此间差异不显著。研究表明，膨润土-菌废料复合材料在植物上的应用效果较好、成本较低，其中以膨润土∶菌废料质量比1∶2-1∶2.5最优。
  • 摘要：以县域（县、县级市、市辖区）为研究单元，选用多项经济指标，运用全局主成分分析和探索性空间数据分析方法，对“中部崛起”战略提出9年来武汉城市圈经济的空间格局演变进行研究。结果表明，2004年以来，经济发展水平相似的县域在空间集聚分布，集聚趋势不断增强；经济“高-高”类型的县域主要分布于城市圈中部，“低-低”类型的县域多分布于城市圈边缘；武汉主城区、蔡甸区、江夏区和鄂州市始终是城市圈经济最具活力的地方，以城市圈几何中心为圆心，由北部大悟县开始到南部通城县结束顺时针画一个半圆所经过的区域大多处在经济的冷点区；经济的空间均质性在南-北和东北-西南方向上出现“下滑”，在东-西和东南-西北方向上不断增强；随着时间推移，圈域经济的空间格局由“双峰”状演变成为“单峰”状，经济更加集中在以武汉主城区、蔡甸区和江夏区为核心的区域。%Wuhan Metropolitan A rea (WMA ) is an important strategic fulcrumof Central China’s economic development.B ased on economic statistic data,this paperapplied generalized principalcomponentanalysis (GPCA )and exploratory spatialdata analysis (ESDA ) to analyze the evolvementof the spatialpattern of economy developmentin WMA atcounty levelfrom2004 to 2012.The results show ed thatcounties w ith similar developmentstatus had been clustered in space, and the degree of clustering had been strengthened w ith the passage of time. In terms of local difference,counties of“H H ”type w ere mainly located on the core of the district,w hile counties of “LL”type w ere mainly located atthe edge ofWMA .Since 2004,Wuhan CentralDistrict,Jiangxia County,Caidian County and Ezhou City, the hot spots of economic development, had been the most dynamic economic areas in the study area. The semi-circle areas fromDaw u County in the north to Tongcheng County in the south belonged to cold spots ofeconomic development. A lthough the spatial heterogeneity of economy development had declined to various degrees in the directionsofsouth-north and northeast-southwest,it had varying degrees of increase in east-west and southeast-northwest directions.Consequently,the spatialpattern of WMA ’s economy had evolved from“doublet”into“singlet”;economic development had been fasterin the areas of Wuhan CentralDistrict,Jiangxia County and Caidian County.
  • 摘要：农民对无公害蔬菜的认知和生产意愿是发展无公害蔬菜的关键。基于计划行为理论，实地考察了武汉城郊菜农对无公害蔬菜的认知和生产意愿，并利用 Logistic 回归模型分析了其影响因素。结果表明，城郊农民对无公害蔬菜的认知水平较高，达78%，但生产意愿偏低，仅39%。农民的认知和生产意愿与受教育程度、技术掌握水平等个人因素和收入水平、生产规模等家庭因素具有较强的相关性；政府服务水平与农民的认知和生产意愿呈正相关但处于较低水平。从农民视角出发，为促进无公害蔬菜的推广和普及，本文提出了提高农民科技文化素质、促进农户规模经营、改善农业生态环境等政策建议。%Farm ers’cognition and production w illare key determ inants to the developm entofnon-polluting vegetables. B ased on the theory of planned behavior, farm ers’cognition and production w ill w ere investigated to non-polluting vegetables in the suburb of W uhan in centralC hina.W e also identify the m ajor influencing factors by using a logistic regression m odel.The resultsuggeststhat78 percentofthe farm ershave developed cognition ofnon-polluting vegetables w hile only 39 percenthave the w illto grow them .Individualfactors such as education leveland skills and household factorslike incom e leveland production scale allhave strong influence on cognition and w ill.The quality ofgovernm ent service is positively but w eakly correlated. Finally, from the perspective of farm ers, this paper raises som e policy suggestions to prom ote the developm entofnon-polluting agriculture,including the im provem entoffarm ers’technology and education levels,expansion in scale production,and enhancem entofecologicalenvironm entin agriculture.
  • 摘要：Based on SPOT satellite images of northern Jiangsu area in 2007/2008 year,this paperutilizes spatial metrics, kernel density, standard deviational ellipse, nearest neighbor distance index and spatial proximity to quantitatively analyze the spatialpattern ofruralsettlements in northern Jiangsu area.Results showsome distinctregionalvariations. Around Hua’an and Y ancheng,ruralsettlements are smallin size buthigh in density.In comparison,around Xuzhou, Suqian and Lianyungang,ruralsettlements are large in size butlowin density.This spatialpattern is highly related to geomorphology,water distribution,and transportation network.Rural settlements in flood plains are usually irregular, while in piedmontalluvialplain area,they showgood continuity,and in yellowsoilarea,they display a high degree of fragmentation.The mean nearestneighbor distance among water networks is smallin Y ancheng and Huaian,which is conducive forruralresidents to work and live.The average distance between settlements and roads is smallin Xuzhou, Lianyungang, and Suqian, which indicates favorable transportation condition. Finally, the article discusses the future developmentofruralsettlementsand suggestsa more reasonable layoutin northern Jiangsu area.%基于苏北地区2007/2008年的 SPOT 卫星影像，运用空间韵律测度、核密度分布估计、标准差椭圆、最近邻距离指数、空间邻近度等模型，定量分析苏北地区乡村聚落的空间格局特征并探讨聚落的影响因子。结果表明，苏北地区乡村聚落空间分布存在明显的地域分异格局。淮安盐城地区聚落呈现小而集聚型分布，徐州宿迁连云港地区聚落呈现大而稀疏型分布。聚落分布与地貌、水系、交通等因素具有高度相关性。河流泛滥平原聚落分布不规则，山前冲积平原聚落具有较好的连续性，黄土岗地聚落分布破碎化程度较高。盐城、淮安部分地区聚落平均最邻近水系距离较小，有利于农村居民的生产生活。徐州、连云港、宿迁地区聚落平均最邻近道路距离较小，对内对外交通联系便利。最后文章探讨苏北地区乡村聚落的发展及合理布局的措施。
  • 摘要：To reduce the work to help grapevines overwinter, we regularly collected the lowest and the highest temperature in Turpan in the winterof2011 and 2012,the temperature range underdouble orsingle black plastic cover and single white plastic cover,respectively.The results showed thatthe method with double black coverwas betterthan the single one.The lowesttemperature underdouble coverwas 1.3-1.5℃higher than thatunder the single one,and the highest temperature under double cover was 2.6-3.0℃ higher than that under the single one. The double coverage method could help grapevines to survive the extreme lowweatherand frost.The growth period ofgrapevines underthe double cover is 3-15 days longer than those under single cover.However,during warmer days,the temperature under black double coverincreased too fastdue to the green house effectand the highesttemperature was 5.9-9.4℃ higher than thaton the single one.During this period,single white plastic coverwas betterthan the black,with the grapevine growth period increasing 12 days longer.B ased on this study,we suggest that the covershould be sealed to preserve heatwhen the lowestthe temperature is 0 ℃ in autumn to avoid the difficulty of late sealing,and the covershould be unsealed for cooling when the highesttemperature is 5℃ in spring.Also,irrigation should be started immediately.Late orno spring irrigation may lead to high temperature and high humidity,which is harmful for the grapevine.%为减轻葡萄越冬掩埋的劳动量，2011和2012年冬季在新疆吐鲁番进行了葡萄越冬黑塑料布双层和单层、白塑料布单层覆盖，逐日观测其最低温度和最高温度，探讨葡萄越冬覆膜方法。结果表明，采用黑塑双层覆盖优于单层，寒冷期的最低温度双层覆盖高于单层覆盖1.3-1.5℃，最高温度高于单层覆盖2.6-3.0℃，有利于抵御极端最低气温和长期低温的冻害。双层覆盖的生长期比单层覆盖增加了3-15 d，更有利于葡萄生长。但在转暖期的最高温度，双层覆盖高于单层覆盖5.9-9.4℃，有增温过快的温室效应弊病，白塑材料优于黑塑材料，生长期比黑塑材料增加了12 d。在新疆吐鲁番地区，建议秋季最低气温稳定在0℃时应该封边防冻，以免过晚造成封土不便；在春季最高气温稳定在5℃时应该放边降温，并且即刻春灌融冰，过晚了会造成高温高湿枝条发霉，甚至烧苗抽条的损害。
  • 摘要：Through field investigation, agricultural recycle economy in Hubei Province is divided into five major categories: agricultural by-product recycle models, three-dimensional compound models, deep processing recycle industry chain models,eco-agricultural models,and multi-industry combination models,accounting for 14 models all together. We continue to build an index systemaccording to four groups of parameters, namely the condition of agriculturalresources,agriculturaleconomic and socialdevelopment,agriculturalresource input,and resource recycling condition.Based on clusteranalysis,ourresults show thatHubeiProvince could be divided into fouragriculturalrecycle economy developmentzones:Wuhan-E Zhou zone,plain area,middle zone,and marginalarea in eastern and western Hubei Province.Different areas should choose an appropriate modelin orderto advance the agriculturalrecycle economy in Hubei Province.%通过实地调研，将湖北省农业循环经济模式分为农业副产物循环利用模式、立体复合型模式、农产品深加工循环产业链模式、农村生态家园模式和多产业结合循环农业园区模式5种类型，共包括14种模式。并根据农业资源条件、农业经济社会发展条件、农业资源投入条件和资源循环利用条件4类指标构建指标体系，运用聚类分析方法，将湖北省划分为4个农业循环经济发展区：武鄂农业循环经济发展区、平原农业循环经济发展区、中部农业循环经济发展区、东西边际农业循环经济发展区。在不同的区块内，因地制宜的选择使用不同的农业循环经济模式，以期分区指导湖北省农业循环经济发展。
  • 摘要：农民就业是我国面临的重大经济与社会问题。在人多地少等多种因素下，农业自身无法吸纳我国庞大的农村剩余劳动力，只有实现向非农产业的转移，才能逐步解决农村剩余劳动力的就业问题。利用福建省三明市的12个村84户农民的样本数据，通过 Logistic 回归模型对影响林区劳动力非农就业的因素进行了分析。结果表明，有劳动力外出务工的农户占76.2%。随着林农受教育程度的提高，林农对身份转变的认识显著提高，非农就业意愿明显增强。家庭人数越多，小孩越少，劳动力流动率就越高。人均林地面积越丰富，林业对劳动力的粘性就越强，林农外出务工的意愿下降。务农收入和农村非农产业收入是农户决定其成员是否流动所参考的重要依据。重视微观层次的户主禀赋、家庭特征、林地禀赋和收入差异，对于促进林区劳动力外出务工具有重要意义。%Farmers’employment is a serious economic and social problemthat the Chinese government confronts. Agriculture itself cannotabsorb the huge amountof surplus rurallabor due to many factors such as the factof“large population versus scarce land”.This problemcan be gradually solved by leading farmers into nonagriculturalindustries. The article uses 84 households’sample data from12 villages of Sanming City in Fujian Province to analyze the influentialfactors on non-agriculturalemploymentbased on a Logistic regression model.O ur study resultindicates that 76.2% households are engaged in non-agricultural jobs. With the improvement of farmers’education level, their awarenessofidentity change isimproved and theirwillingnessto work in non-agriculturalsectors is enhanced.O urstudy also shows that farmers with more family members and fewer children generally have a higher rate of mobility. In contrast,farmersliving in forestregionswith higherpercapita land area usually tend to work locally and theirwillingness to seek manufacturing jobs decreases.Comparison between agriculturalincome and ruralnon-agriculturalincome is the importantfactorinfluencing farmers’decision to work locally ormigrate.Finally,governmentshould putmore emphasis on household uniqueness, family characteristics, forest character, and income difference to encourage more non-agriculturalemploymentin forestregions.
  • 摘要：Classifying ruraldevelopment types and furtherassessing the rurality ishelpfulto promote urbanization.In this paper,126 counties in Henan Province are classified as five ruraldevelopmenttypes;Furthermore,the rurality of each county in 2000 and 2012 are assessed using a rurality evaluation model. The number of counties that belong to agriculture-dominated type,industry-dominated type,business,tourismand providing services oriented type,balanced development typeⅠ and balanced developmenttypeⅡare 26,30,14,17 and 39,respectively.The number of counties thatbelongs to agriculture-dominated ruraldevelopmenttype and balanced ruraldevelopmentⅡtype accounts forabout 54.76% of the total number of counties. This means that Henan economy is relatively backw ard compared with the developed provinces in China.In addition,there is an obvious pattern forrurality degree atcounty level.The degree of rurality is higherin eastern plain region than in w estern mountain area and the degree rurality foragriculture-dominated type and balanced developmenttypeⅡ are higherthan thatin business,tourismand providing service oriented counties. Counties with higher degree of rurality are mostly located in the Hebei-Shandong- Henan low -lying plain area, Southeastern ofHuang-Huaiplain area and Eastern hilly-mountainous region ofHubei-Henan-A nhui.The mean degree ofrurality atcounty levelin Henan decreases from 0.6844 in 2000 to 0.5844 in 2012.In addition,the degree ofrurality decreases more evidentin balanced development type Ⅰ than othertypes.%基于三次产业产值结构，划分了2012年河南省126个县域的乡村发展类型；通过建立乡村性指数评价模型，并借助 ArcGIS 和 SPSS 软件深入分析2000-2012年县域乡村性的时空分异格局。结果表明，2012年河南省农业主导型、工业主导型、商旅服务型、均衡发展Ⅰ型、均衡发展Ⅱ型的县域分别为26个、30个、14个、17个和39个，农业主导型和均衡发展Ⅱ型的县域占54.76%，河南省县域经济发展水平和产业结构与发达地区相比仍存在较大差距。河南省县域乡村性指数空间分异较为明显，东部高于西部；农业主导型和均衡发展Ⅱ型县域乡村性指数明显高于商旅服务型县域；乡村性指数较高的县域集中分布在冀鲁豫低洼平原区、黄淮平原区东南部和鄂豫皖丘陵山地区东部，地级市市区的乡村性指数明显较低。2000-2012年间河南省县域乡村性指数由0.6844下降到0.5844，均衡发展Ⅰ型县域的乡村性指数下降最为显著。
  • 摘要：To investigate the profile distribution of soil copper and zinc contents and their correlations with soil physicochemicalproperties,five soils derived from weathered granite were selected in Dawei Mountain ofLiuyang City in Hunan Province.Soilsamples were collected atdifferentpedogenic layers and analyzed.O urresults showed thatthe contentoftotalsoilcopperonly varied slightly through soilprofiles,with a mean of34.5 mg/kg forthe whole soilprofile and a mean of29.2 mg/kg forthe Ahorizon.The average contentoftotalsoilzinc was 104.4 mg/kg forthe whole soil profile,and waslowerin the Ahorizon (97.2 mg/kg)than in the B orAB horizon.Atthe Ahorizon,the mean contentof soilavailable copperwas1.85 mg/kg,and mostofthe measurementswere lowerthan the criticalvalue of2 mg/kg;while the mean contentofsoilavailable zinc was 4.82 mg/kg,mostofthe measurements were higherthan the criticalvalue of 1.5 mg/kg.G enerally,the soilavailable copperconcentrated on the surface layerordeposited in subsurface layers,butthe contentofsoilavailable zinc was always higherin the Ahorizon than in the AB orB horizon.The correlation analysis showed thatboth the contents ofsoilavailable copper and available zinc were positively correlated with the contentof soilorganic matter.In summary,mostsoilsin DaweiMountain were relatively rich in zinc and deficientin copper.%以湖南浏阳大围山花岗岩风化物发育的5种类型山地土壤为研究对象，按土壤发生学划分土壤层次采集剖面土样，分析测定了土壤中铜、锌总量及其有效态含量，研究山地土壤及剖面层次中铜、锌含量的分布规律及其与土壤理化性质间的关系。结果表明，大围山山地土壤中，全铜平均含量为34.5 mg/kg，其中 A 层29.2 mg/kg，各剖面层次间全铜含量变化较小，分布相对均匀；而全锌平均含量为104.4 mg/kg，其中 A 层土壤97.2 mg/kg，小于 B 层或AB 层全锌的含量。A 层土壤中有效铜和有效锌含量分别为1.85 mg/kg 和4.82 mg/kg，多数土壤有效铜低于临界值（2.0 mg/kg），而有效锌高于临界值（1.5 mg/kg）。有效铜含量随剖面变化出现表聚或淀积特征，而有效锌含量大多以A 层大于 AB 层或 B 层。土壤有效铜、锌含量与土壤有机质含量之间呈正相关。总体来看，浏阳大围山多数山地土壤锌较丰富，而铜较缺乏。
  • 摘要：通过分析甘肃省棉花生产发展、布局演变和植棉区自然、气候特点等,按照“区域划分同一性”原则,以≥10℃活动积温、7月平均气温、无霜期为主要依据,在全国棉花生产一级区划的框架下,将甘肃省棉花生产划分为黄河流域棉区黄土高原亚区、黄河流域棉区特早熟亚区和西北内陆棉区河西走廊亚区3个二级区;中部沿黄灌区特早熟次亚区、陇东特早熟次亚区、河西走廊早熟棉次亚区和河西走廊特早熟次亚区4个3级区.通过分区评述各级区的气候、生产等特点,指出了在该区发展棉花生产的优势、不利条件和自然灾害,提出了棉花产业发展的思路:如合理规划产业布局,优化种植区域与结构;坚持集中连片,突出规模效益;坚持依靠科技创新,突出经济效益;实施产、学、研相结合,育、繁、推一体化的模式;加强人才队伍建设和科技培训;增加和整合支农投入.
  • 摘要：过去10多年,面对中国大豆消费需求的持续快速增长,国外大豆进口数量呈迅猛增长态势,而国产大豆发展停滞不前,甚至出现明显萎缩.针对当前国产大豆发展的诸多争议,基于中国大豆生产、消费、贸易的分析预测,从国内资源禀赋、竞争作物收益、农业政策导向、比较优势等视角,探讨国产大豆发展的基本取向与产业定位.研究表明,由于中国农业资源约束增强、与粮油作物相比缺乏竞争优势,使国产大豆供给总量有限;面对持续增长的大豆消费需求,国外大豆进口仍将保持高位水平;与进口大豆相比,国产大豆在成本和价格等方面处于明显竞争劣势,且在榨油领域两者的替代较强,但国产大豆在食品加工领域具有明显竞争优势,且表现为弱替代性.中国发展转基因大豆或非转基因高油大豆都会缺乏竞争优势,因此只有将非转基因、高蛋白、食品大豆作为中国大豆产业发展的基本方向和总体定位.
  • 摘要：中国是水产品生产和贸易大国,但还不是水产品生产和贸易强国.在水产品出口贸易中,由于生产成本不断上升、水产品深加工程度不高以及出口市场过于集中、国际贸易保护主义有所抬头等因素,我国水产品出口面临着愈来愈大的竞争压力.在国际竞争格局发生重大变化的背景下,保持我国水产品出口竞争力,必须通过技术进步、规模经营、质量管理和市场多元化战略,形成新的竞争优势.
  • 摘要：研究制定县域内不同区域、不同作物专用肥配方是测土配方施肥的重要环节之一.棉花需肥量大,施肥次数多,生产实际中过量施肥的问题尤为突出.研制和推广应用棉花专用配方肥,能有效减少化肥施用量,提高肥料利用率,促进棉农增产增效.依托桃源县2005-2008三年测土配方施肥调查数据,系统分析了桃源县棉地土壤养分特点、棉花需肥规律及主要施肥技术指标.在此基础上,根据桃源县棉花专用配方肥的配方设计原理:氮素管理采用区域总量控制、分期调控技术,磷、钾采用丰缺指标法,提出了棉花专用肥配方.桃源县推荐的棉花区域肥料配方2个:20-9-16和18-11-16,分别适用于平原潮土棉地与丘陵红壤棉地.桃源县棉花专用肥20-9-16的应用和示范效果表明,与习惯施肥比较,平均每公顷节本增收1494.0-3780.0元,适合在我县棉花生产上在大面积推广.
  • 摘要：以镉铅复合污染土壤为对象,采用田间试验,通过种植水稻、红薯和小白菜,施用钠基、钾基和钙基3种复合型螯合药肥,分析土壤中Cd和Pb的固定效率,探讨复合型螯合药肥对降低农产品Cd和Pb含量的效果.结果表明,复合型螯合药肥施用量在耕层土重的0.5％以上即可有效降低土壤中Cd和Pb的移动性,土壤中Cd和Pb的固定效率分别达到49.2％-66.2％和79.9％-93.6％,且可使稻米、红薯干和小白菜等农产品中Cd含量降低至国家标准(GB 2762 2012)限值以内,其降低幅度分别为69.5％-79.7％、42.9％-47.6％和80.5％-83.7％;但对稻米和小白菜中Pb含量无明显的降低作用.同时,该药肥对土壤pH值和稻谷、红薯及小白菜的产量无明显影响.研究表明,供试钠基、钾基和钙基3种复合型螯合药肥可推荐用作镉污染土壤的原位固定修复材料.
  • 摘要：经过改革开放三十多年的生产发展,粮食产量实现了历史突破性的“十连增”,但由于受到了资源禀赋限制和快速的工业化、城镇化影响,未来中国粮食产业增产潜力并不容乐观.选取水土资源、劳动力资源作为影响粮食综合生产能力的主要制约因素,而打破约束实现粮食持续增产的唯一手段是必须依靠农业技术进步来支撑农业发展.通过实证分析结果表明,由于受到生物化学型技术和机械型技术的干扰型影响,在目前资源禀赋不断恶化的情况下,未来依然能够实现粮食可持续的增产可行路径是增加两类技术的要素投入,其中生物化学型技术投入在粮食生产中起主要影响作用,应作为农业科技投入的重点以及近几年农业技术进步的主要方向,尤其是以农业生物技术为代表的技术创新与应用将为中国粮食产业带来革新.

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