论王船山“公天下”的社会理想--兼驳韦伯命题

摘要

Wang Chuanshan’s social ideal is based on his studies and critiques of the history and social reality.His social i-deal centers on the core idea of “Justifying our own world”,whose main theoretical principle is “the highest requirement of be-nevolence is to love the nation so as not to possess all the rights for one’s own purpose;while the highest requirement of justice is to support the principle of social order and law of one’s own nation,so as not to confer the political power to those with no talent nor virtue”.The detailed contents of his theoretical principle mainly includes three aspects:the appeal for the private ownership of land,the pursuit for the system of shared property and the vision for the opening up of positions.The publicity of these ideas reveals the hypocritical veil covered by ethics of public ownership in our country and families which has been long existed since the imperial bureaucratic authoritarian society.The propose also provides a strong defend for the early private in-dustries and their interests,as significant as the meaning of Western enlightenment scholars’s declarations like “man’s natural right”,“inviolability of private property”to the development of Western capitalism.%基于对历史与现实的考察与批判，王船山描绘了自己的社会理想。其社会理想以“公天下”为思想核心，以“仁以厚其类则不私其权，义以正其纪则不妄于授”为理论论纲，具体内容主要包括土地民有制的呼唤、财产民享制的追求和职位开放制的憧憬三个方面。土地民有、财产民享和职位开放等观念的提出是明清之际经济结构最直接的体现，是公私观念变化的结果，实为“民有”、“民享”、“民治”的民主思想的理论先声。这些观念的公开提出揭开了皇权官僚专制主义社会长期以来蒙着国家、家族的“公有”伦理的虚伪面纱，为早期私人产业及其利益提供了有力的辩护。因此，准确地揭示王船山的社会理想可以有效地驳斥马克斯·韦伯关于中国发展不出资本主义的观点。