基于仿生膜的功能化单纳米通道在分析化学中的应用

摘要

In the past ten years,biomimetic single nanopores as single-molecule analytical nanodevices have been well studied,which was facilitated by controllable fabrication and engineering of various nanopores.The current used single nanopores originating from protein ion channels include two kinds of systems： gene engineered protein nanopore and solid-state nanopore.In comparison with gene engineered protein nanopore,solid-state nanopores have higher mechanical stability and can be easily functionalized with tremendous amount of chemical groups.Two methods including resistive-pulse sensor and ionic-current rectification are developed for nanopore technology,which are widely used for single molecule analysis and ionic-current modulation.FIB（focused ion beam） fabricated nanopore in SiN,SiO2 and graphene film is mainly used as resistive-pulse sensor.Conical-shaped nanopore made in tracked polymer membrane as well as with quartz capillary glass can be used as both resistive-pulse sensor and ionic-current rectifier.In the review,we comprehensively describe the recent progress and the challenging problems in this field.%灵感来源于蛋白质离子通道的仿生功能化单纳米通道,已逐渐成为一种成熟的单分子检测技术和离子整流器。功能化纳米通道包括两种：基因改造的蛋白质纳米通道和固体加工的纳米通道。常用的固体纳米通道有三种：在纳米氮化硅或石墨烯上用聚焦离子束（FIB）或电子束（FEB）轰击得到的纳米通道,化学腐蚀聚合物薄膜中的重金属离子轨迹得到的锥形纳米通道和拉制毛细管或激光刻蚀得到的玻璃纳米孔。相对于蛋白质纳米通道,固态的人工纳米通道具有更优越的机械稳定性,并可用于各种功能基团的修饰。经过近十年的发展,包括蛋白质纳米通道在内的各种仿生的纳米通道已广泛用于对小分子、蛋白质和聚合物等其他一些对象的定性和定量检测。本综述详细介绍了近年来国内外该领域的发展,并对未来的发展方向作了简要的展望。