电化学酶传感器在环境污染监测中的应用

摘要

Electrochemical enzyme biosensor is a kind of widely used biosensor which combines the specificity of interaction of enzyme and its substrate with the strong function of electrochemical analysis and is well-suited for real-time, on-site detection and analysis in the field with high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response time and easy operation. Electrochemical enzyme biosensors have a wide range of application in the areas of pharmaceutical studies, clinical diagnostics, food quality control, agriculture industries as well as environmental monitoring. The effective immobilization of enzymes on the electrode is the critical step to construct an electrochemical enzyme biosensor. The selection of appropriate immobilization methods for constructing of electrochemical enzyme biosensor governs the efficiency of the biosensor in terms of electron transfer kinetics, mass transport, operational stability, repeatability and reproducibility. On the basis of briefly clarifying the working principle of electrochemical enzyme biosensor, this review summarizes enzyme immobilization methods used in constructing of an electrochemical enzyme biosensor. The advantages and disadvantages of different immobilization methods are also discussed. In addition, the applications Of electrochemical enzyme biosensor in environmental pollution monitoring including organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants and heavy metal are highlighted and the prospects of electrochemical enzyme biosensor used in environmental monitoring are also presented.%电化学酶传感器是一种应用广泛的生物传感器，它将酶及其底物相互作用的特异性与电化学的强大分析功能相结合，已经被广泛应用于药理学、临床、食品、农业以及环境监测中。制备电化学酶传感器的关键步骤是酶的固定化，选择用于制备电化学酶传感器的合适的酶固定化方法，在传感器电子转移动力学、稳定性和重现性等方面起着主要作用。本文在阐述电化学酶传感器工作原理的基础上，简要介绍了用于电化学酶传感器制备过程中的酶固定化方法，重点讨论了电化学酶传感器在监测环境中广泛存在的有机污染物、无机污染物和重金属等方面的应用，并对电化学酶传感器的发展方向进行了展望。