The construction characteristics of an ebullated-bed reactor for upgrading heavy or residue oil abroad is described, which mainly includes a flow distributor system, a separation and recycle system, and an on-line loading and unloading system. The flow distributor system, which is composed of a flow pre-distributor and a distributor grid, is properly designed to provide a substantially uniform flow distribution of the gas/liquid mixture into the catalyst bed of an ebullated-bed reactor; The separation and recycle system comprises a recycle cup, a downcomer, and a recycle pump. The recycle cup is installed to achieve separation of liquid and gas of reactor effluent to minimize the amount of gas recycled back to the ebullated-bed reactor. The liquid circulation formed by the recycle cup, the downcomer, and the recycle pump can be sufficiently enough to lift and expand the catalyst bed; The on-line loading and unloading system can provide a stable catalyst activity and product quality, and ensure a steadily long-term operation. The advantages and disadvantages of the ebullated-bed reactor are analyzed in detail as well as the latest developments.%介绍国外重渣油沸腾床加氢反应器的结构特点,重点介绍了沸腾床反应器的流体分布系统、分离循环系统和催化剂在线加排料系统,其中流体分布系统包括流体预分配器、分布盘,该系统合理设计可以保证气液流体均匀进入和通过沸腾床反应器的催化剂床层；分离循环系统包括循环杯、循环泵和下导管,其中循环杯主要用于反应物流的气液分离以尽量减少经循环泵循环回反应器的气体,它与循环泵和下导管一起构成液体循环回路,提供催化剂床层膨胀的循环液相流体；催化剂在线加排系统包括催化剂的在线加入系统和催化剂的在线排出系统,该系统可以保证反应器中催化剂活性的稳定、反应生成的产品性质稳定并能确保沸腾床装置的长周期稳定运转.还详细分析了国外沸腾床反应器的优缺点及沸腾床技术的最新发展趋势.
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