园林眺望的经营位置与视觉特质

摘要

园林中的向外眺望是传统造园的重要环节，而关于眺望的景观视觉特征及眺望在园林布局中的角色等关键问题，尚未有充分研究。本文即在此背景下，将园林眺望置于现存园林与园林文学文献中加以分析解读。具体地，分析了园林眺望之求“远”的视觉特质以及“远”的审美意义；在童寯先生《江南园林志》中园林经营位置之定律的启示下，详细分析了不同园林类型中眺望之经营位置的不同特征，指出了城市地园林中将眺望置于园林深处的布局倾向；再从对此定律的解读中引出空间与景观转换的“变”，并结合相关园林文献加以阐释。可以发现，园林眺望中隐含了“园林最深处、登高方眺远”的理想模式，同时这一理想模式交织于园林文学与营造现实之间，趋向于传统造园的一个符号。%Garden’s view towards outside is an important factor in gardening. However, such crucial issues, like visual properties and the role of viewpoints in overal layout, haven’t been highlighted in existing researches on gardens. Under this background, this paper focuses on garden’s view through the analysis of existing gardens and the literature review on gardens. Specifical y, this paper analyzes visual characteristics and aesthetic standards of"Yuan"(literal y"farness"). Inspired by the rule on garden’s layout proposed by Tong Jun in his book“Jiangnan Yuanlin Zhi”, we clarify characteristics of viewpoint distributions in different types of gardens. It reveals that those gardens in cities tend to distribute where garden's view in a deeper space of a garden. Based on this rule, the visual concept of"Bian"(literal y"change") of space and landscape is further discussed by research on the related literature on garden. Then conclude an ideal model of garden's view can be understood that the outside scene can be perceived only from a higher spot located in the deepest space in a garden. Meanwhile, this ideal model is in-between the literature on garden and the practice of gardening, and consequently can be understood as a symbol for traditional garden.