法律权利的道德争论--关于权利来源的两种思考

摘要

The nature of rights has always been a topic of endless debate.Whether it is the moral or legal attributes of rights is closely related to a fundamental understanding of the law.However,it is a practical problem to be solved.In a society with respect for or indifference to human rights will result in great differences in the vital interests of its citizens.In the liberalistic view,a right implies freedom and equality,thus,an inherent moral right of citizens.In the communitarian view,it means a practi-cal right from some social practice and indicates not only a political tradition in reality but also some legal rights inherited from history.This understanding is more reality-based and has more room for reflections and a more solid foundation for resistance against the utilitarian erosion.%权利从来都是个争论不完的话题，无论是权利的法律属性还是权利的道德属性都会涉及这个社会对法律的最为根本性的理解，这虽然是个见仁见智的问题，然而同时它又是个亟待解决的实践问题，在一个社会中对权利的漠视与尊重将会导致其公民切身利益的极大差异。在自由主义看来，权利意味着自由和平等，是公民因着天赋而具有的一种道德权利；在社群主义看来，权利就意味着一种社会实践得来的实然性的权利，它不仅意味着现实的政治传统，更是基于一定的历史条件而凝结出来的法律权利，这种关注的视角有着更为强烈的实践性，也将留有更为充分的反思性空间，同时也为权利抵御功利侵蚀寻得一个更为坚实的基础。