孔子与亚里士多德:快乐与德性之辨析

摘要

孔子和亚里士多德都认为快乐与人的本性最为契合,趋乐避苦是人性的普遍性存在方式,探讨快乐有助于完善德性.二位圣贤都意识到了合乎德性的快乐是最高的快乐.然而,孔子更强调基于主体性超越的圆融和谐,而亚里士多德更注重人的正常品质的实现活动.孔子从"大我"出发,高扬人的道德理想,主张快乐是生命的存在方式,亚里士多德从"小我"推演,理解人的自然欲望的可欲求性,认为快乐是瞬间呈现.孔子的"乐"最终指向仁道的落实,而亚里士多德"快乐"的最高意蕴则在于人对理智的静观.中西方的快乐观在当前的时代条件下对于我们如何重建道德、获得快乐、共享幸福,具有重要的启迪.%Both Confucius and Aristotle believe that happiness is the most consistent with human nature.Taking pleasure and avoiding pain is human nature,and exploring happiness helps to improve morality.Two sages have realized that happi-ness in consistent with moral standards is the highest level of happiness.However,they have different emphases.Confucius emphasizes harmony which is based on trans-subjectivity,while Aristotle pays more attention to the implementation of hu-man quality.From the perspective of the whole mankind,Confucius highlights moral ideal and argues that happiness is the existing way of life.From the perspective of individuals, Aristotle believes that people's natural desire is reasonable and happiness appears instantly.The"happiness"in Confucius's opinion eventually aims to encourage people to practice be-nevolence,while the"happiness"in Aristotle's opinion is in the contemplation of reason.The happiness value in China and western world is of great significance to how to rebuild morality,gain happiness and share happiness in the current era.